水系锌金属电池锌粉负极研究进展：微观修饰与宏观设计

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锌粉作为水系锌金属电池的负极材料之一，因其成本低廉且在实际应用中能够实现较高的锌利用率而受到广泛关注。然而，锌粉的球形微观结构导致的高比表面积及高电化学活性使得锌粉负极在循环过程中易产生枝晶、发生析氢和腐蚀等副反应，严重影响综合电化学性能。本文系统总结了水系锌金属电池锌粉负极的最新研究进展，重点介绍了其在微观修饰与宏观设计方面的改性策略。在微观层面，通过锌粉本体设计、复合锌粉负极构筑及导电网络构建等策略，降低锌粉负极内部阻抗，减轻充放电过程中的体积膨胀，优化锌离子的沉积行为，从而提升其倍率性能和循环稳定性。在宏观层面，通过3D打印和静电纺丝等方法对锌粉材料的空间排列和结构布局进行高精度调控，进一步增强锌粉负极的有序性和功能性，显著改善了电池器件的循环稳定性和库仑效率。此外，流变设计策略通过缓解锌离子沉积应力，为抑制锌粉负极的副反应提供了新的思路。最后，展望了锌粉负极实现高性能和实用化的发展方向。重点强调了先进表征与理论计算对于深入理解锌粉负极失效机理的重要性；提出充分利用锌粉负极的优势，并协同多种改性策略，构筑高稳定性锌粉负极；同时提出突破规模化制备的技术与经济瓶颈是未来推动锌粉负极实用化发展的核心挑战，以期为高性能锌粉负极的进一步开发提供科学指导和理论支持。

关键词: 水系锌金属电池, 锌粉负极, 微观修饰, 宏观设计

Abstract:

Zinc (Zn) powder has emerged as a promising anode material for aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs), gaining significant attention for its low cost and high Zn utilization in practical applications. However, its spherical microstructure, which contributes to a high specific surface area and elevated electrochemical reactivity, makes Zn powder anodes prone to degradation mechanisms such as dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion. These side reactions severely compromise the overall electrochemical performance. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress of Zn powder anodes in AZMBs, emphasizing modification strategies at both the micromodification and macrodesign levels. At the micromodification level, strategies such as Zn powder bulk design, composite Zn powder anode construction, and conductive networks are employed to reduce internal impedance, alleviate volume expansion during charge and discharge, and optimize Zn²⁺ deposition behavior. These measures significantly enhance rate performance and cycling stability. On the macrodesign front, advanced methods like 3D printing and electrospinning offer precise control over the spatial arrangement and structural layout of Zn powder materials. These strategies improve the organization and functionality of Zn powder anodes, leading to remarkable enhancements in cycling stability and coulombic efficiency. In addition, rheological design strategies present innovative solutions for suppressing side reactions by alleviating Zn²⁺ deposition stress. This review also outlines prospective development pathways for Zn powder anodes to achieve high-performance and practical applications. It emphasizes the critical importance of advanced characterization techniques and theoretical modeling in elucidating the fundamental failure mechanisms of Zn powder anodes. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of leveraging Zn powder's inherent advantages alongside multifaceted modification strategies to construct highly stable architectures. Finally, the review identifies addressing technological and economic challenges in scalable manufacturing as the core challenge for advancing the practical implementation of Zn powder anodes. These perspectives provide valuable scientific guidance and theoretical support for the ongoing development of high-performance Zn powder anodes in AZMBs.

Key words: aqueous Zn metal batteries, Zn powder anodes, micro-modification, macro-design

中图分类号:

TQ 152

贾欣媛, 张先福, 张隆. 水系锌金属电池锌粉负极研究进展：微观修饰与宏观设计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(3): 913-929.

Xinyuan JIA, Xianfu ZHANG, Long ZHANG. Research progress on micromodification and macrodesign of Zn powder anodes in aqueous Zn metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(3): 913-929.

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