Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as secondary batteries, have rapidly developed into mainstream energy storage devices in the field of new energy. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is considered the most promising cathode material for LIBs, with broad applications due to its high specific capacity, low cost, stable charge/discharge plateaus, environmental friendliness, and high safety. However, improving the output power, energy density, and cycle life at low temperatures is the main challenge for LiFePO4. By exploring the recent relevant literature, this review summarizes recent studies on improving the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4, which mainly includes elemental doping, surface coating modification, and lithium supplement additive adding strategies. The intrinsic mechanisms of improving the material's electrochemical performance using doping elements are analyzed in detail. The advantages and protection mechanisms of different types of coating agents for surface modification are summarized. The electronic conductivity and ion diffusion rate of LiFePO4 can be effectively improved by doping and surface coating, which can achieve batteries with higher energy density, longer cycle life, and higher rate performance. The characteristics of common lithium phosphate supplement additives and their improved behavior on the cathode first turn Coulomb efficiency and discharge-specific capacity are also reviewed. Comprehensive analysis indicates that multiple-element co-doping, advanced carbon material coating, and the addition of high-capacity Li-rich materials are expected to become essential strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4. Finally, prospects for the future development of LiFePO4 cathode material are discussed. The direction and challenges associated with additional advancements in commercial production and the development of flexible electrodes are discussed.
Fig. 3
(a)~(c) CV curves of LiFePO4 under different scan rates of 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s at temperature ranging from 253~313 K; (d)~(f) image plot of diffraction patterns for (111), (211), (020), (311), and (121) reflections during two CV cycles under different scan rates of 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s at a temperature of 293 K, corresponding current curves are plotted to right; LFP represent for LiFePO4; (g)~(i) selected individual diffraction patterns for two CV cycles at 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s[14]
Fig. 4
SEM images for synthesized (a) LiFePO4 and (b) LiFe0.77Mn0.23PO4 particles; (c) first cycle charge/discharge profile, (d) cycled capacity at various charge/discharge rates, and (e) electrochemical impedance spectra for LiFePO4 and LiFe0.77Mn0.23PO4[22]
Fig. 5
(a) First charge/discharge curves of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C electrodes at 0.1 C; discharge curves of different current density: (b) LFP/C; (c) Cl-doped LFP/C; (d) rate ability of LFP/C and Cl-doped LFP/C; (e) cycling performance of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C at 0.1 C and 10 C, respectively[28]; (f) initial charge/discharge curves of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples at 0.1 C rate; (g) initial charge/discharge curves of LiFePO4/C and LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) samples at 0.1C rate, (h) rate and cycle performances of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples; i) cycle performances of LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) sample at high-rate 20 C, 30 C[29]
Fig. 6
(a) Schematic illustration of te synthesis process of MT-LFP materials; SEM images of the as-prepared undoped LFP (b) and (c); MT-LFP (d) and (e); Nitrogen adsorption (closed symbols)-desorption (open symbols) isotherms (f); pore diameter distribution curves (g) of as-prepared undoped LFP and MT-LFP samples; (h) charge-discharge curves of LFP and (i) MT-LFP at different rates; (j) rate capabilities of LFP and MT-LFP at various rates; cycling performance of LFP and MT-LFP cathodes at a charge/discharge rate of 0.5 C (k), 1 C (l), and 5C (m)[30]
Fig. 7
Schematic illustration of synthesis and structure of LFP/graphite composite. (a) synthesis of LFP/graphite composite by intercalating graphite with FeCl3 followed by formation of LFP within the graphite layers; (b) schematics of LFP/graphite based cathode and a commercial LFP cathode, continuous conductive network provided by graphite confers better performance on LFP/graphite electrode; structure and morphology of LFP/graphite composite: (c), (d) SEM and EDS mapping, (e), (f) SEM images, and (g), (h) TEM images of LFP/graphite composite; (i) inset in panel g is SAED of a LFP particle; (j) SEM and (k) TEM images of porous graphite particle after etching away LFP particles from LFP/graphite composite[43]
Fig. 9
(a) Schematic of fabrication process of N-Co/N-Li2O composites; (b) initial charge potential profiles of electrodes made with various Co/Li2O nanocomposites: M-Co/N-Li2O composite, SM-Co/N-Li2O composite and N-Co/N-Li2O composite; (c) charge/discharge potential profiles of N-Co/N-Li2O electrode after first charge process; (d) initial charge potential profiles of LiFePO4 electrodes with different amounts of N-Co/N-Li2O additive in half-cell configurations; initial charge/ discharge potential profiles (e) and cycling performance (f) of LiFePO4/ graphite full cells with and without N-Co/N-Li2O additive[72]
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... [14](a)~(c) CV curves of LiFePO4 under different scan rates of 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s at temperature ranging from 253~313 K; (d)~(f) image plot of diffraction patterns for (111), (211), (020), (311), and (121) reflections during two CV cycles under different scan rates of 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s at a temperature of 293 K, corresponding current curves are plotted to right; LFP represent for LiFePO4; (g)~(i) selected individual diffraction patterns for two CV cycles at 1.4 mV/s, 2.8 mV/s, and 4.2 mV/s[14]Fig. 32 LiFePO4改性方法
... [22]SEM images for synthesized (a) LiFePO4 and (b) LiFe0.77Mn0.23PO4 particles; (c) first cycle charge/discharge profile, (d) cycled capacity at various charge/discharge rates, and (e) electrochemical impedance spectra for LiFePO4 and LiFe0.77Mn0.23PO4[22]Fig. 4
... [28];(f) 未掺杂和掺杂F的LiFePO4/C样品在0.1 C倍率下的初始充放电曲线;(g) LiFePO4/C和LiFePO4-xFx/C(x=0.15)样品在0.1 C倍率下的初始充/放电曲线;(h) 未掺杂和掺杂F的LiFePO4/C样品的倍率和循环性能;(i) LiFePO4-xFx/C(x = 0.15)样品在20 C、30 C高倍率下的循环性能[29](a) First charge/discharge curves of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C electrodes at 0.1 C; discharge curves of different current density: (b) LFP/C; (c) Cl-doped LFP/C; (d) rate ability of LFP/C and Cl-doped LFP/C; (e) cycling performance of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C at 0.1 C and 10 C, respectively[28]; (f) initial charge/discharge curves of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples at 0.1 C rate; (g) initial charge/discharge curves of LiFePO4/C and LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) samples at 0.1C rate, (h) rate and cycle performances of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples; i) cycle performances of LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) sample at high-rate 20 C, 30 C[29]Fig. 5
... [28]; (f) initial charge/discharge curves of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples at 0.1 C rate; (g) initial charge/discharge curves of LiFePO4/C and LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) samples at 0.1C rate, (h) rate and cycle performances of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples; i) cycle performances of LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) sample at high-rate 20 C, 30 C[29]Fig. 5
... [29](a) First charge/discharge curves of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C electrodes at 0.1 C; discharge curves of different current density: (b) LFP/C; (c) Cl-doped LFP/C; (d) rate ability of LFP/C and Cl-doped LFP/C; (e) cycling performance of Cl-doped LFP/C and LFP/C at 0.1 C and 10 C, respectively[28]; (f) initial charge/discharge curves of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples at 0.1 C rate; (g) initial charge/discharge curves of LiFePO4/C and LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) samples at 0.1C rate, (h) rate and cycle performances of undoped and F-doped LiFePO4/C samples; i) cycle performances of LiFePO4-xFx/C (x = 0.15) sample at high-rate 20 C, 30 C[29]Fig. 5
... [30](a) Schematic illustration of te synthesis process of MT-LFP materials; SEM images of the as-prepared undoped LFP (b) and (c); MT-LFP (d) and (e); Nitrogen adsorption (closed symbols)-desorption (open symbols) isotherms (f); pore diameter distribution curves (g) of as-prepared undoped LFP and MT-LFP samples; (h) charge-discharge curves of LFP and (i) MT-LFP at different rates; (j) rate capabilities of LFP and MT-LFP at various rates; cycling performance of LFP and MT-LFP cathodes at a charge/discharge rate of 0.5 C (k), 1 C (l), and 5C (m)[30]Fig. 6
... [43]Schematic illustration of synthesis and structure of LFP/graphite composite. (a) synthesis of LFP/graphite composite by intercalating graphite with FeCl3 followed by formation of LFP within the graphite layers; (b) schematics of LFP/graphite based cathode and a commercial LFP cathode, continuous conductive network provided by graphite confers better performance on LFP/graphite electrode; structure and morphology of LFP/graphite composite: (c), (d) SEM and EDS mapping, (e), (f) SEM images, and (g), (h) TEM images of LFP/graphite composite; (i) inset in panel g is SAED of a LFP particle; (j) SEM and (k) TEM images of porous graphite particle after etching away LFP particles from LFP/graphite composite[43]Fig. 7
... [72](a) Schematic of fabrication process of N-Co/N-Li2O composites; (b) initial charge potential profiles of electrodes made with various Co/Li2O nanocomposites: M-Co/N-Li2O composite, SM-Co/N-Li2O composite and N-Co/N-Li2O composite; (c) charge/discharge potential profiles of N-Co/N-Li2O electrode after first charge process; (d) initial charge potential profiles of LiFePO4 electrodes with different amounts of N-Co/N-Li2O additive in half-cell configurations; initial charge/ discharge potential profiles (e) and cycling performance (f) of LiFePO4/ graphite full cells with and without N-Co/N-Li2O additive[72]Fig. 9