Electrochemical energy storage is a key technology to achieve low-carbon electricity system. With the rapid growth of energy storage station construction, safety issues also became prominent gradually. In the past decade, several fire and explosion accidents occurred in energy storage stations around the world, illustrating the urgent requirement of safer, more efficient and stable operation. Lithium-ion energy storage system with high safety and reliability is an inevitable choice for the development of the power industry. Present monitoring technology based on module level has met its limitation on efficient early warning, requiring the development of new intelligent sensing techniques. Integrated sensing techniques at the cell level is an effective way to enhance the safety and stability of energy storage lithium-ion batteries. Integrated sensing techniques based on cell level can obtain internal information of battery, including temperature, strain, pressure, and gas, which would be useful for early warning, early isolation, and early handling. This review systematically introduced the difficulties, challenges, and latest progress of this advanced technology, from the following three aspects. To achieve accurate measurement, sensors need to solve the contradiction between long lifetime and electrochemical corrosion inside battery. To meet successful implantation, the contradiction between need for integrated sensors and stable working battery during its lifetime needs to be solved. To realize signal transmission, sensing signals need to solve the contradiction between effective transmission and electromagnetic shielding of battery case. The applications of integrated sensing technology in early warning of thermal runaway and electrochemical characteristics with all lifetime have further prospected.
Keywords:lithium ion battery
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integrated sensor
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internal signal
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signal transmission
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electromagnetic shielding
Fig. 2
(a) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into cylindrical cell; (b) Experimental data of temperature and pressure during cycling measured by optical fiber[29]; (c) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into coin cell; (d) SEM image of damage at cathode surface caused by integrated optical fiber[30]
Fig. 3
(a) Schematic of integrated thin film temperature sensor; (b) Impact of integrated thin film temperature sensor to battery cycling performance; (c) Temperature change during battery cycling obtained by thin film temperature sensor[20]
Fig. 4
(a) Schematic of integrated strain gauge sensor; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor; (d) Comparison of data from thin film strain gauge sensor and commercial strain gauge[38]
Fig. 5
(a) Schematic of integrated thin film strain gauge sensor in cylindrical battery; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor[39]
Fig. 7
(a) Schematic of gas sensor employed in battery cycling; (b) Voltage-time curve of cycling;(c) Corresponding gas behavior during battery cycling measured by gas sensors[48]
Fig. 8
(a) Schematic of signal transmission; (b) Charge and discharge curve of battery with or without signal transmission chip; (c) Internal and external temperature data under different current rate
Fig. 9
(a) Schematic of chip assembly in cylindrical cell[51]; (b) Schematic of chip assembly in pouch cell[50];(c) Battery with assembled chip inside; (d) Voltage and columbic efficiency of battery with integrated chip[51]
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... [20](a) Schematic of integrated thin film temperature sensor; (b) Impact of integrated thin film temperature sensor to battery cycling performance; (c) Temperature change during battery cycling obtained by thin film temperature sensor[20]Fig. 31.2.2 薄膜式应变传感器植入
... [29];(c) 纽扣电池光纤植入传感示意图;(d) 光纤植入对正极表面破坏的SEM图像[30](a) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into cylindrical cell; (b) Experimental data of temperature and pressure during cycling measured by optical fiber[29]; (c) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into coin cell; (d) SEM image of damage at cathode surface caused by integrated optical fiber[30]Fig. 21.2 薄膜式传感器植入
... [29]; (c) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into coin cell; (d) SEM image of damage at cathode surface caused by integrated optical fiber[30]Fig. 21.2 薄膜式传感器植入
... [30](a) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into cylindrical cell; (b) Experimental data of temperature and pressure during cycling measured by optical fiber[29]; (c) Schematic of integrated optical fiber into coin cell; (d) SEM image of damage at cathode surface caused by integrated optical fiber[30]Fig. 21.2 薄膜式传感器植入
... [38](a) Schematic of integrated strain gauge sensor; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor; (d) Comparison of data from thin film strain gauge sensor and commercial strain gauge[38]Fig. 4
(a) Schematic of integrated thin film strain gauge sensor in cylindrical battery; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor[39]Fig. 51.3 气压传感器植入
(a) Schematic of integrated thin film strain gauge sensor in cylindrical battery; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor[39]Fig. 51.3 气压传感器植入
... [39](a) Schematic of integrated thin film strain gauge sensor in cylindrical battery; (b) Impact of battery cycling by thin film strain gauge sensor; (c) Strain variation during battery cycling obtained by thin film strain gauge sensor[39]Fig. 51.3 气压传感器植入
... [48](a) Schematic of gas sensor employed in battery cycling; (b) Voltage-time curve of cycling;(c) Corresponding gas behavior during battery cycling measured by gas sensors[48]Fig. 7
... [49](a) Schematic of signal transmission; (b) Charge and discharge curve of battery with or without signal transmission chip; (c) Internal and external temperature data under different current rateFig. 8
... [50];(c) 封装完成的电池;(d) 植入芯片的电池循环电压及库仑效率[51](a) Schematic of chip assembly in cylindrical cell[51]; (b) Schematic of chip assembly in pouch cell[50];(c) Battery with assembled chip inside; (d) Voltage and columbic efficiency of battery with integrated chip[51]Fig. 9
... [51];(b) 软包电池芯片封装过程[50];(c) 封装完成的电池;(d) 植入芯片的电池循环电压及库仑效率[51](a) Schematic of chip assembly in cylindrical cell[51]; (b) Schematic of chip assembly in pouch cell[50];(c) Battery with assembled chip inside; (d) Voltage and columbic efficiency of battery with integrated chip[51]Fig. 9
... [51](a) Schematic of chip assembly in cylindrical cell[51]; (b) Schematic of chip assembly in pouch cell[50];(c) Battery with assembled chip inside; (d) Voltage and columbic efficiency of battery with integrated chip[51]Fig. 9
... [51]; (b) Schematic of chip assembly in pouch cell[50];(c) Battery with assembled chip inside; (d) Voltage and columbic efficiency of battery with integrated chip[51]Fig. 9