2017—2024年全球电化学储能电站火灾爆炸事故统计分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1151

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (6): 2362-2376.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1151

2017—2024年全球电化学储能电站火灾爆炸事故统计分析

袁帅¹(), 崔煜杰², 程东浩¹^,³(), 台枫¹, 吴金中²

^1.中国民航科学技术研究院，北京 100028
^2.重庆交通大学，重庆 400074
^3.北京市民航安全分析及预防工程技术研究中心，北京 100028

收稿日期:2024-12-04 修回日期:2024-12-14 出版日期:2025-06-28 发布日期:2025-06-27
通讯作者: 程东浩 E-mail:yuanshuai@mail.castc.org.cn;chengdh@mail.castc.org.cn
作者简介:袁帅（1991—），男，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为锂离子电池安全，E-mail：yuanshuai@mail.castc.org.cn；
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金民航联合研究基金(U2033204);中国民航科学技术研究院基本科研费项目(x242060302244)

Statistical analysis of fire and explosion accidents in electrochemical energy-storage stations from 2017 to 2024 throughout the world

Shuai YUAN¹(), Yujie CUI², Donghao CHENG¹^,³(), Feng TAI¹, Jinzhong WU²

^1.China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing 100028, China
^2.Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
^3.Engineering and Technical Research Center of Civil Aviation Safety Analysis and Prevention of Beijing, Beijing 100028, China

Received:2024-12-04 Revised:2024-12-14 Online:2025-06-28 Published:2025-06-27
Contact: Donghao CHENG E-mail:yuanshuai@mail.castc.org.cn;chengdh@mail.castc.org.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着锂离子电池在电化学储能电站的广泛应用，电化学储能电站火灾和爆炸事故频繁发生。为深入研究这些事故的致灾因子，本文统计了2017年11月至2024年9月期间全球范围内发生的90起涉及锂离子电池的电化学储能电站火灾爆炸事故，并围绕电池类型、发生事故的国家、储能电站的运行状态、事故致因四个方面进行了统计分析；采用德尔菲法与风险矩阵法对设备风险、人为风险和环境风险涉及的15个风险因素进行了系统评估。研究结果表明：三元锂电池更容易引发火灾爆炸事故，由其引发的事故数量是磷酸铁锂电池的2.5倍；韩国发生的事故数量最多，共34起，占全球事故总数的37.8%；电化学储能电站在运行期间发生事故的最多，共计72起，占事故总数的80.0%；在事故致因中，人为因素导致的事故占比最大，为43.3%；冷却系统故障、电池过充、BMS/PCS/EMS异常、消防设施不足和环境高低温五个风险因素为高风险因素。针对这些高风险因素，本文提出了相应的防控措施，以提升电化学储能电站的整体安全性。

关键词: 电化学储能电站, 火灾爆炸事故, 统计分析, 风险矩阵法

Abstract:

The wide application of lithium-ion batteries in electrochemical energy-storage stations (EESSs) has led to frequent fire and explosion accidents. In order to study deeply the causal factors responsible for such accidents, we examined the 90 accidents caused by lithium-ion batteries that occurred in EESSs around the world from November 2017 to September 2024. These accidents were analyzed based on four aspects: the type of batteries, the countries where the accidents occurred, the states of the EESSs, and the factors that caused the accidents. Fifteen risk factors,including equipment risk, human risk, and environmental risk,were evaluated systematically using the Delphi method and the risk-matrix method. The results show that the number of accidents caused by lithium ternary batteries is more than 2.5 times the number of accidents caused by lithium-iron-phosphate batteries. Republic of Korea experienced the highest number of accidents—34—which accounted for 37.8% of the total number of accidents. Seventy-two EESSs accidents occurred during operation, accounting for 80.0% of the total number of accidents. Human factors accounted for the largest proportion of the total numbers of accidents, which was 43.3%. The main factors responsible for causing these accidents were cooling-system failure, battery overcharging, inadequate fire-protection facilities, failure of the battery-management system (BMS)/power-conversion system (PCS)/energy-management system (EMS), and high and low ambient temperature. To reduce the risk due to these factors, preventive and control measures were proposed to enhance the system safety of EESSs.

Key words: electrochemical energy storage stations, fire and explosion accidents, statistical analysis, risk matrix method

中图分类号:

TK 02

袁帅, 崔煜杰, 程东浩, 台枫, 吴金中. 2017—2024年全球电化学储能电站火灾爆炸事故统计分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2362-2376.

Shuai YUAN, Yujie CUI, Donghao CHENG, Feng TAI, Jinzhong WU. Statistical analysis of fire and explosion accidents in electrochemical energy-storage stations from 2017 to 2024 throughout the world[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2362-2376.

图/表 14

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近年来电化学储能电站的典型安全事故案例"

序号	事故发生的时间和地点	事故经过	事故原因
1	2019年9月24日，韩国平昌	在运行期间，风力系统发电站储能系统发生火灾。	三元锂电池电芯处于过充状态，电压升高形成内短路。

2	2021年4月6日，韩国忠清南道	在运行期间，光伏电站储能系统起火，烧毁面积达22平方米，共造成约4.4亿韩元损失(约合人民币258万元)。	三元锂电池故障。

3	2022年1月12日，韩国蔚山南区	在运行期间，韩国蔚山南区SK能源公司发生火灾	三元锂电池过充导致热失控。

4	2021年4月16日，中国北京	在运行期间，北京国轩储能电站在施工调试过程中发生火灾，造成两名消防员牺牲，一名消防员受伤，电站一名员工死亡。	西电池室内磷酸铁锂电池发生内短路，造成南楼起火。南楼蓄电池室热失控发生火灾，热失控气体通过电缆沟进入北楼蓄电池室，后遇电火花引发北楼蓄电池室爆炸。

5	2022年2月18日，中国江西	在运行期间，储存阶段的电池舱剧烈燃烧。	雨水造成电池外部短路。

6	2022年4月10日，中国青岛	在运行期间，青岛市经济技术开发区多能互补综合能源示范站储能设备集装箱磷酸铁锂电池模组发生火灾，造成数台电池模组不同程度受损，过火面积超1平方米，未造成人员伤亡，直接财产损失近万元。	员工施工调试设备时误操作致使消防水泵动作，引发高压细水雾灭火系统喷水，造成电池组内磷酸铁锂电池遇水短路故障。

7	2024年5月26日，中国海南	在运行期间，海南某市一70 MW农光互补型光伏储能电站磷酸铁锂电池预制舱发生火灾，火灾造成1 组电池预制舱烧毁，未造成人员伤亡，未蔓延扩大，未发生次生灾害。	6号电池预制舱内2号电池簇底部配电箱因外部高压冲击短路起火。

8	2021年7月30日，澳大利亚维多利亚州	在运行期间，特斯拉储能系统发生爆燃，一个集装箱内的13吨锂离子电池完全燃烧。	冷却系统冷却液泄漏造成电池短路，从而导致电子元件起火，电池舱中起火蔓延至相邻的电池舱。

9	2019年4月19日，美国亚利桑那州	在运行期间，亚利桑那州公共服务公用事业公司储能设施爆炸。	三元锂电池缺陷。

10	2022年2月13日，美国加州	在运行期间，美国加州Moss Landing储能电站失火，大约10个电池架被熔化，现场无人员受伤。	三元锂电池严重过热。

11	2024年6月30日，德国图林根州	在运行期间，Suncycle工程测试中心运营的集装箱式电池储能系统发生了火灾，损失约70万欧元。	储能电站技术缺陷。

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类型	使用寿命/a	功率密度/(W/kg)	能量密度/(Wh/kg)	充电时间/h	运行温度/℃	自放电/(%/d)	最高电压/V
锂离子电池	8~15	230~340	100~250	0.1~1	-10~50	0.1~0.3	3
铅酸电池	3~15	75~300	30~50	8~16	-10~40	0.1~0.3	1.75
镍铬电池	15~20	150~300	45~80	1	-40~45	0.2~0.6	1
溴化锌液流电池	5~10	50~150	60~80	4	10~45	0~1	0.17~0.3
钒氧化还原液流电池	10~20	—	75	0.1	0~40	0~10	0.7~0.8

风险类别	风险因素
人为风险B₁	操作不当C₁
	安装疏忽C₂
	维护不足C₃
	管理不当C₄
	运营操作环境管理不善C₅

设备风险B₂	电池制造瑕疵C₆
	电池老化C₇
	电池材料缺陷C₈
	冷却系统故障C₉
	BMS/PCS/EMS异常C₁₀
	电池过充C₁₁
	消防设施不足C₁₂

环境风险B₃	粉尘多C₁₃
	暴雨C₁₄
	环境高低温C₁₅

量化分值	等级	定性说明
1	可忽略	风险因素导致储能电站发生火灾/爆炸事故，对项目/企业几乎没有影响
2	微小	风险因素导致储能电站发生火灾/爆炸事故，对项目/企业产生微小影响
3	中度	风险因素导致储能电站发生火灾/爆炸事故，对项目/企业产生中度影响
4	严重	风险因素导致储能电站发生火灾/爆炸事故，对项目/企业产生严重影响
5	关键	风险因素导致储能电站发生火灾/爆炸事故，对项目/企业产生关键影响

量化分值	事故发生概率	定量说明
1	极低(1级)	90起事故中因该风险因素导致发生的事故数占比为(0，1%]
2	低(2级)	90起事故中因该风险因素导致发生的事故数占比为(1%，5%]
3	中等(3级)	90起事故中因该风险因素导致发生的事故数占比为(5%，10%]
4	高(4级)	90起事故中因该风险因素导致发生的事故数占比为(10%，20%]
5	极高(5级)	90起事故中因该风险因素导致发生的事故数占比为(20%，100%]

风险类别	风险因素	风险发生概率(P_f0)/%	风险严重度(C_f0)	风险等级(R_f0)
人为风险B₁	操作不当C₁	3.5	3.5	12.25
	安装疏忽C₂	1.2	2.5	3.3
	维护不足C₃	1.8	2.5	4.5
	管理不当C₄	2.5	3.5	8.75
	运营操作环境管理不善C₅	3.25	3.0	9.75

设备风险B₂	电池制造瑕疵C₆	2.75	4	11
	电池老化C₇	3.7	3.75	13.875
	电池材料缺陷C₈	2.5	4.75	11.875
	冷却系统故障C₉	4.5	4.5	20.25
	BMS/PCS/EMS异常C₁₀	3.5	4.25	14.875
	电池过充C₁₁	4.5	4.25	19.125
	消防设施不足C₁₂	3.5	4.25	14.875

环境风险B₃	粉尘多C₁₃	1.5	2.75	4.125
	暴雨C₁₄	1.75	2.75	4.8125
	环境高低温C₁₅	4.25	4	17

2017—2024年全球电化学储能电站火灾爆炸事故统计分析

Statistical analysis of fire and explosion accidents in electrochemical energy-storage stations from 2017 to 2024 throughout the world

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风险等级 (R_f0)			事故发生概率(P_f0)
			极低(0，1%]	低(1%，5%]	中等(5%，10%]	高(10%，20%]	极高(20%，100%]
			1	2	3	4	5
事故影响性(C_f0)	可忽略	1	1	2	3	4	5
	微小	2	2	4	6	8	10
	中度	3	3	6	9	12	15
	严重	4	4	8	12	16	20
	关键	5	5	10	15	20	25