储能变流器跟网/构网无扰切换控制技术研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0642

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储能系统采用单一的跟网型控制(GFL)或构网型控制(GFM)时难以适配复杂多变的电网需求，本工作提出一种适用于储能变流器单元的跟网/构网无扰切换控制方法，实现构网控制与跟网控制随外部环境变化的平滑切换。基于跟网/构网控制方式下的稳态矢量的关系，构建了包含功角观测、坐标系旋转、PI调节器初始化等关键模块的跟网/构网无扰切换控制方法；基于阻抗分析法，探究了两种控制模式下并网系统稳定性与电网短路比的关联机制，并提出在电网短路比动态变化时，可借助跟网/构网混合控制及无扰切换技术来提升系统稳定性；基于储能系统的Matlab/Simulink仿真模型开展仿真测试及分析。仿真结果表明，本工作所提的切换方法可使并网储能变流器在跟网控制模式与构网控制模式之间无扰切换，且兼具优异的系统响应性与稳定性。本研究有助于提升高功率高频充放电的构网型储能设备的运行灵活性，使其具备在离网/并网、强电网/弱电网等复杂多变场景中的自适应能力，最大程度地保障系统的安全稳定运行。

关键词: 储能变流器, 跟网/构网无扰切换, 宽频振荡, 阻抗分析

Abstract:

Energy storage systems (ESS) that operate solely in either grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM) control modes are insufficient for the demands of complex and dynamic power grids. This study proposes a seamless GFL/GFM switching control method for energy storage converters, enabling smooth transitions between GFM and GFL modes in response to environmental changes. The proposed method leverages the steady-state vector relationships of the two control modes and integrates key modules, including power angle observation, coordinate system rotation, and proportional-integral (PI) regulator initialization. Through impedance-based analysis, the correlation between system stability and the grid short-circuit ratio (SCR) under both modes is examined. It is demonstrated that dynamic variations in SCR can be effectively managed via hybrid GFL/GFM control and seamless switching, thereby improving system stability. The proposed approach is validated through simulation studies conducted using a MATLAB/Simulink model of an ESS. The results confirm that the converter achieves seamless transitions between GFL and GFM control, with enhanced responsiveness and stability. This research enhances the operational flexibility of high-power, high-frequency grid-forming ESS, enabling reliable performance in diverse scenarios such as grid-connected/off-grid operation and strong/weak grid conditions, and ensuring system safety and stability under varying external conditions.

Key words: energy storage converters, seamless GFL/GFM switching, wide-band oscillations, impedance analysis

中图分类号:

TM 461

李功强, 赵璐璐, 谢凤祥, 季永栋, 刘静佳, 陈彦桥, 金翼. 储能变流器跟网/构网无扰切换控制技术研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(8): 2983-2993.

Gongqiang LI, Lulu ZHAO, Fengxiang XIE, Yongdong JI, Jingjia LIU, Yanqiao CHEN, Yi JIN. Disturbance-free switching control technology for energy storage converters between grid-following and grid-forming modes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 2983-2993.

图/表 13

图 1

图 2

图 3

图 4

图 5

图 6

表1

图 7

图 8

图 9

图 10

图 11

图 12

参考文献 22

[1]	王伟胜, 李光辉, 何国庆, 等. 面向新型电力系统的新能源并网控制挑战与展望[J]. 新型电力系统, 2023(2): 145-160. DOI: 10.20121/j.2097-2784.ntps.230012.
	WANG W S, LI G H, HE G Q, et al. Challenges and prospects of grid connection control of renewable energy for new power systems[J]. New Type Power Systems, 2023(2): 145-160. DOI: 10.20121/j.2097-2784.ntps.230012.
[2]	刘永奇, 陈龙翔, 韩小琪. 能源转型下我国新能源替代的关键问题分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(2): 515-524. DOI: 10.13334/j. 0258-8013.pcsee.210336.
	LIU Y Q, CHEN L X, HAN X Q. The key problem analysis on the alternative new energy under the energy transition[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(2): 515-524. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.210336.
[3]	郑宇婷, 肖凡, 谢伟杰, 等. 基于并网变流器电流稳定运行域的锁相环参数设计方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(10): 3181-3194. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240312.
	ZHENG Y T, XIAO F, XIE W J, et al. A phase-locked loop parameter design method based on current stable operation domain of grid-connected converter[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(10): 3181-3194. DOI: 10. 19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240312.
[4]	谢小荣, 贺静波, 毛航银, 等. "双高" 电力系统稳定性的新问题及分类探讨[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(2): 461-475. DOI: 10. 13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.201405.
	XIE X R, HE J B, MAO H Y, et al. New issues and classification of power system stability with high shares of renewables and power electronics[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(2): 461-475. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.201405.
[5]	陈永平, 陈俊儒, 刘牧阳. 弱电网下虚拟同步补偿器对新能源暂态同步稳定性的影响机理[J]. 电网技术, 2025, 49(4): 1347-1357. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2023.2231.
	CHEN Y P, CHEN J R, LIU M Y. Study on the influence mechanism of virtual synchronous compensator on the transient synchronous stability of new energy in weak power grids[J]. Power System Technology, 2025, 49(4): 1347-1357. DOI: 10. 13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2023.2231.
[6]	舒印彪, 张智刚, 郭剑波, 等. 新能源消纳关键因素分析及解决措施研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.162555.
	SHU Y B, ZHANG Z G, GUO J B, et al. Study on key factors and solution of renewable energy accommodation[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee. 162555.
[7]	许诘翊, 刘威, 刘树, 等. 电力系统变流器构网控制技术的现状与发展趋势[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(9): 3586-3595. DOI: 10.13335/j. 1000-3673.pst.2021.2149.
	XU J Y, LIU W, LIU S, et al. Current state and development trends of power system converter grid-forming control technology[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(9): 3586-3595. DOI: 10. 13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2021.2149.
[8]	刘辉, 于思奇, 孙大卫, 等. 构网型变流器控制技术及原理综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(1): 277-297. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.232479.
	LIU H, YU S Q, SUN D W, et al. An overview of control technologies and principles for grid-forming converters[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(1): 277-297. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.232479.
[9]	盛李龙, 许津铭, 李威, 等. 弱电网下跟/构网型变流器并联系统的阻抗频率耦合及稳定性分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2025, 49(1): 27-37. DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20240517002.
	SHENG L L, XU J M, LI W, et al. Impedance frequency coupling and stability analysis of parallel system of grid-following and gridforming converters in weak grid[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2025, 49(1): 27-37. DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20240517002.
[10]	赵冬梅, 裴建楠, 白俊辉, 等. 弱、极弱电网场景下构网型变流器调频能力提升技术研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(S1): 215-226. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.240680.
	ZHAO D M, PEI J N, BAI J H, et al. Research on improving frequency modulation capability of grid-forming converter under weak and extremely weak grid condition[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(S1): 215-226. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee. 240680.
[11]	韩应生, 孙海顺, 秦世耀, 等. 电压源型双馈风电并网系统小扰动低频稳定性分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(5): 1312-1324, 1374. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.211618.
	HAN Y S, SUN H S, QIN S Y, et al. Low-frequency stability analysis of voltage-sourced doubly-fed wind power grid-connected system under small disturbance[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(5): 1312-1324, 1374. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.211618.
[12]	胡宇飞, 田震, 查晓明, 等. 构网型与跟网型变流器主导孤岛微网阻抗稳定性分析及提升策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(24): 121-131.
	HU Y F, TIAN Z, ZHA X M, et al. Impedance stability analysis and promotion strategy of islanded microgrid dominated by grid-connected and grid-following converters[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(24): 121-131.
[13]	李智, 刘辉, 刘明波, 等. 虚拟同步发电机并网稳定性与控制技术研究综述[J]. 电机与控制应用, 2023, 50(11): 1-10. DOI: 10.12177/emca.2023.131.
	LI Z, LIU H, LIU M B, et al. Research overview of grid-connected virtual synchronous generator stability and control technologies[J]. Electric Machines & Control Application, 2023, 50(11): 1-10. DOI: 10.12177/emca.2023.131.
[14]	王新宝, 葛景, 韩连山, 等. 构网型储能支撑新型电力系统建设的思考与实践[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2023, 51(5): 172-179. DOI: 10.19783/j.cnki.pspc.221158.
	WANG X B, GE J, HAN L S, et al. Theory and practice of grid-forming BESS supporting the construction of a new type of power system[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(5): 172-179. DOI: 10.19783/j.cnki.pspc.221158.
[15]	秦晓辉, 范宸珲, 齐磊, 等. 构网型下垂控制本质及虚拟阻抗对其源端特性的影响分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 1-14. [2025-06-11]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2107.tm.20241101.0933.002.
	QIN X H, FAN C H, QI L, et al. Analysis of the essence of grid-forming droop control and the impact of virtual impedance on its source end characteristic[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 1-14. [2025-06-11]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2107.tm. 20241101. 0933.002.
[16]	GUO Z X, ZHANG X, LI M, et al. Stability analysis and capacity distribution of multi-paralleled current-controlled inverters and voltage-controlled VSGs grid-connected system[C]//2021 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG). June 28-July 1, 2021, Chicago, IL, USA. IEEE, 2021: 1-8. DOI: 10.1109/PEDG51384. 2021.9494266.
[17]	石荣亮, 张兴, 徐海珍, 等. 基于自适应模式切换的虚拟同步发电机功率控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(12): 127-137. DOI: 10. 19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2017.12.013.
	SHI R L, ZHANG X, XU H Z, et al. The active and reactive power control of virtual synchronous generator based on adaptive mode switching[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(12): 127-137. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces. 2017.12.013.
[18]	LI M, ZHANG X, GUO Z X, et al. Impedance adaptive dual-mode control of grid-connected inverters with large fluctuation of SCR and its stability analysis based on D-partition method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2021, 36(12): 14420-14435. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3087028.
[19]	李明, 张兴, 郭梓暄, 等. 弱电网下基于D分割法的逆变器PI参数设计及稳定域分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2020, 44(15): 139-147. DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20200120003.
	LI M, ZHANG X, GUO Z X, et al. Proportional-integral parameter design for inverter based on D-partition method and its stability region analysis in weak grid[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2020, 44(15): 139-147. DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20200120003.
[20]	周于清, 姚伟, 宗启航, 等. 基于运行短路比的新能源场站中跟/构网可切换单元的最优配置方法[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(3): 1091-1104. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2023.1448.
	ZHOU Y Q, YAO W, ZONG Q H, et al. Optimal configuration of grid-following/grid-forming switchable units in new energy stations based on operating short-circuit ratio[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48(3): 1091-1104. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2023.1448.
[21]	LI M, ZHANG X, YANG Y, et al. The grid impedance adaptation dual mode control strategy in weak grid[C]//2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018-ECCE Asia). May 20-24, 2018, Niigata, Japan. IEEE, 2018: 2973-2979.
[22]	雷雨, 李光辉, 王伟胜, 等. 跟网型和构网型新能源并网控制阻抗对比与振荡机理分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(1): 150-163. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.231572.
	LEI Y, LI G H, WANG W S, et al. Comparison of impedance characteristics and oscillation mechanism for grid following and grid forming renewable energy[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(1): 150-163. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.231572.

名称	数值	名称	数值
额定功率/kW	200	额定频率/Hz	50
线电压/V	380	直流电压/V	720
电抗器电阻R_s/mΩ	0.02	电抗器电感L_s/mH	0.15
VSG虚拟惯量J/p.u.	4.9	VSG阻尼系数D/p.u.	295
VSG内电势比例系数k_ep	0.016	VSG内电势积分系数k_ei	1.6
GFM电压调节器比例系数k_up	3.2	GFM电压调节器积分系数k_ui	400
GFL功率调节器比例系数k_pp	0.5	GFL功率调节器积分系数k_pi	180
电流调节器比例系数k_ip	0.12	电流调节器积分系数k_ii	29