微胶囊相变储能材料的合成及其应用研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0696

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于大部分能源通过热能的形式被使用，故在实际应用中提高热能利用率显得尤为重要。相变材料作为一种热能储能介质，通过其储存或释放潜热的特性，可以实现能源的高效利用，进而降低二氧化碳的排放。但是在实际应用中相变材料存在一定的局限性，如过冷现象、低导热率、泄漏和腐蚀问题等。微胶囊相变储能材料(又称为相变微胶囊)是通过一定的封装技术将相变材料包裹在内，从而避免相变材料发生泄漏，可通过对壳材的改性实现更高的机械强度、热稳定性和导热性能。从微观尺度上相变微胶囊可分为微米级和纳米级微胶囊。随着微胶囊相变材料在热能储存领域的广泛应用，越来越多的研究者对其进行深入开发和应用。本文从相变微胶囊的合成材料、制备方法和应用领域等方面进行详细综述，重点介绍相变微胶囊的芯材和壳材的种类及其优缺点；分析相变微胶囊的制备方法及其应用与发展，如电喷雾技术和喷雾干燥法等物理法，乳液聚合法、细乳液聚合法、原位聚合法和界面聚合法等化学法，以及凝聚法和溶胶-凝胶法等物理化学法；最后阐述了相变微胶囊在建筑、调温纺织品和太阳能利用等领域的应用现状及前景。

关键词: 热能储存, 相变微胶囊, 芯材与壳材, 相变材料

Abstract:

Thermal energy is the most used form of energy, and thus, it is important to improve its utilization rate in practical applications. Phase-change materials are a thermal energy storage medium that can achieve a high utilization rate of energy by storing or releasing latent heat, thus reducing the emission of carbon dioxide. However, phase-change materials have certain limitations, such as subcooling, low thermal conductivity, liquid leakage, and corrosion problems, in practical applications. These materials can be wrapped by a certain packaging technology to prepare microcapsules in order to avoid any liquid leakage. Modification of shell materials can result in better mechanical strength, improved thermal stability, and high thermal conductivity. Phase-change microcapsules can be categorized into micron and nanomicrocapsules at the microscopic scale. Numerous scholars have studied the preparation and application of phase-change microcapsules in the field of thermal energy storage. Thus, this article presents a detailed review of the synthetic materials, preparation methods, and application fields of phase-change microcapsules, focusing on the types of core and shell materials and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this review emphasizes preparation methods such as physical methods (electrohydrodynamic encapsulation, spray drying method), chemical methods (emulsion polymerization, mini-emulsion polymerization, in situ polymerization and interfacial polymerization), and physical-chemical methods (coacervation and sol-gel method). Finally, the review introduces and prospects the application of phase-change microcapsules in the fields of construction, temperature-controlled textiles, and solar energy utilization.

Key words: thermal energy storage, phase change microcapsules, core and shell materials, phase change material

中图分类号:

TB 332

张琦, 刘重阳, 宋俊, 张雪龄, 李银雷, 栗艳芳. 微胶囊相变储能材料的合成及其应用研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1110-1130.

Qi ZHANG, Chongyang LIU, Jun SONG, Xueling ZHANG, Yinlei LI, Yanfang LI. Progress in synthesis and application of microcapsule phase-change materials[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1110-1130.

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相变材料	熔点/℃	熔化潜热 ΔH/(J/g)	参考文献
硬脂酸	60.4	238.7	[15-16]
月桂酸	39.8	192.7	[17]
石蜡	61.17	199.77	[18-20]
正十八烷	32.4	253.7	[21-22]
正十四醇	33.62	207.33	[23]
正十九烷	32.09	164.74	[24]
RT27	24	214	[25]
正十六烷	21.2	244.9	[26]
正二十二烷	44	228.2	[27-28]
正十四烷	10.6	229.3	[29]

壳材	芯材	制备方法	参考文献
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯	正十二醇	悬浮液聚合法	[9]
二氧化硅	硝酸锂	溶胶-凝胶法	[10]
三聚氰胺甲醛树脂	正十四烷	原位聚合法	[33]
聚苯乙烯	月桂酸	乳液聚合法	[38]
二氧化钛	硝酸钠	溶胶-凝胶法	[39]
海藻酸钠/Fe₃O₄	石蜡	原位聚合法	[40]
SiO₂/Ti₄O₇	石蜡	溶胶-凝胶法	[41]
壳聚糖基聚氨酯	硬脂酸丁酯	界面聚合法	[42]
氧化锌	石蜡	原位聚合法	[43]
聚脲	正十八烷	乳液聚合法	[44]
TiO₂/氧化石墨烯	石蜡	原位聚合法	[45]
聚乙二醇	硬脂酸	界面聚合法	[46]
碳酸钙/纳米铁	硬脂酸	原位聚合法	[47]
CdS/SiO₂	正二十烷	界面聚合法	[48]

类别	制备方法	适用条件	优点	缺点	参考文献
物理法	电流体动力喷雾技术	适合制备液体为芯材的相变微胶囊	大规模生产，具有良好的控制尺寸	包封率不高	[65]
物理法	喷雾干燥法	适合制备芯材为石蜡的相变微胶囊	操作简单、适合工业生产、生产率高	投资费用高、包封率低	[66]
化学法	乳液聚合法	适合制备芯材为不溶于水相的单体，常用以制备纳米相变胶囊	聚合速率高，制备的相变微胶囊尺寸较小，生产品质高	过程难以控制，从表面活性剂中纯化聚合物，产品的杂质残留较高	[67-68]
	细乳液聚合法	适用于制备烷烃为芯材的纳米相变胶囊	能量输入少，稳定性高	不可使用挥发性溶剂	[69-70]
	界面聚合法	适用于制备水溶性芯材和油溶性芯材的相变微胶囊	高封装率，良好的耐机械性能，制备工艺简单	热性能较低，可靠性差，制备的相变微胶囊尺寸多为微米级	[71-73]
	原位聚合法	常制备油性芯材的相变微胶囊	制备成本低，良好的化学和热稳定性	可溶性单体是必需的，而聚合物是不可溶的，常用有毒壳材	[74-76]
物理化学法	凝聚法	适合制备芯材为脂类或石蜡的相变微胶囊	具有两种方法	容易凝聚成块	[77-78]
物理化学法	溶胶-凝胶法	常制备烷烃和无机化合物为芯材，二氧化硅为壳的相变微胶囊	各种外壳材料的导热性高	制备过程相对复杂	[79-82]

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