This bimonthly review paper highlights 100 recent published papers on lithium batteries. We searched the Web of Science and found 7082 papers online from Aug. 1, 2025 to Sep. 30, 2025. 100 of them were selected to be highlighted. The selected papers of cathode materials focus on the effects of doping and interface modifications of high-nickel ternary materials, as well as the structural design of lithium-rich manganese-based materials. For anode materials, silicon-based composite materials are improved by optimized electrode structure. Efforts have also been devoted to designing composite metal lithium anode and controlling the inhomogeneous plating of lithium. The relation of structure design and performances of sulfide-based, chloride-based and polymer-based solid-state electrolytes has been extensively studied. Different combination of solvents, lithium salts, and functional additives are used for liquid electrolytes to meet the requirements for battery applications. For all solid state batteries, the modification and surface coating of the cathode, the design of composite cathode, the interface to anode/electrolyte interface have been widely investigated. Studies on lithium-sulfur batteries are mainly focused on the structural design of the cathode and the development of functional coating and electrolytes, and solid state lithium-sulfur battery has also drawn large attentions. Research on battery technology includes dry electrode processes, binder design, and the development of new battery technologies. There are a few papers for the characterization techniques of structural phase transition of the cathode materials and the interfacial evolution of lithium deposition. Theoretical papers are mainly related to electrolyte structure prediction as well as mechanisms of lithium deposition and interface formation.

Lithium metal anodes are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density batteries owing to their ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by lithium dendrite formation and severe volume fluctuations during cycling, leading to poor cycling stability and safety concerns. Three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam, with high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, has been investigated as a potential current collector to mitigate volume expansion and reduce local current density. Nevertheless, its intrinsic lithiophobicity induces non-uniform lithium deposition and dendrite growth, limiting the effective utilization of the 3D architecture. To overcome this limitation, we propose a facile strategy of decorating nickel foam with Ga₂O₃ nanosheets. These nanosheets react in situ with lithium during cycling to form Li-Ga alloys, which exhibit excellent lithiophilicity and enhanced electronic and ionic conductivity, thereby promoting uniform Li nucleation and effectively suppressing dendritic growth. Structural characterization and electrochemical measurements confirm that the modified current collector markedly improves the electrochemical performance of lithium metal anodes. Specifically, in half-cell tests with an areal capacity of 1 mAh/cm² at 1 mA/cm², the modified electrode achieves stable cycling for over 170 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 97.8%. In symmetric cells, a low polarization voltage of 7 mV is sustained for more than 1200 h at the same current density. Furthermore, when paired with a LiFePO₄ cathode in full-cell configuration, the modified anode exhibits excellent rate capability and long-term cycling stability. Overall, this work presents a simple and effective approach to achieving dendrite-free lithium metal anodes, offering new insights for the design of advanced lithium metal battery architectures.

The commercialization of lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiFe_1-y Mn _y PO₄, LMFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries has been severely hindered by challenges, such as two-phase stacking (LiFePO₄ and LiMnPO₄), inhomogeneous Mn/Fe distribution, and electrochemical performance degradation. This study proposes a precursor homogenization strategy based on manganese iron pyrophosphate [(Fe_1-y Mn _y )₂P₂O₇, MFP]solid solutions. By designing and developing an atomization high-temperature synthesis (AHTS) roaster, we achieved continuous production of MFP, enabling the preparation of high-performance LMFP cathode materials. The MFP precursor employs atomic-scale Fe/Mn coprecipitation to transfer uniformity to the LMFP lattice, suppressing anti-site defects and eliminating the coexistence of two-phase stacking, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional modification methods such as carbon coating and doping). The AHTS-MFP process employs a micron-scale atomized droplet reactor and a multi-constraint coupled iterative optimization design method to create a specialized synthesis device. Three-dimensional coupled simulations integrating thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and chemical reaction kinetics were used to optimize the flow field, temperature field, and oxygen concentration control, resulting in a stable "gas vortex lock" structure. This ensures that the atomized droplets sequentially undergo evaporation, coprecipitation, drying, and condensation reactions within the furnace, with a residence time exceeding 15 seconds, leading to high crystallinity and elemental homogeneity. Key innovations include symmetrical nozzle arrays, a tangential flue combustion system, a multilayer oxygen-blocking composite structure, and dynamic nitrogen injection technology to precisely control the oxygen concentration in the roaster below 1%. The production-test samples of (Fe_0.35Mn_0.65)₂P₂O₇ were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), HAADF-STEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, confirming that the samples are solid solution materials with uniform elemental distribution. The resulting LMFP cathode material, LiFe_0.35Mn_0.65PO₄, exhibited a uniform olivine-type structure. The XRD pattern shows no secondary phases, and the HAADF-STEM images and EDS mapping results indicate that each element in the sample is uniformly distributed, confirming that the uniformity of the precursor is successfully transmitted to the final product. Moreover, this study addresses the challenges of two-phase stacking and uneven elemental distribution in LMFP industrialization through process and equipment innovation, providing key technical support for its industrial production.

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials store charge through both electric double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance, making them promising electrode candidates for supercapacitors. Their performance strongly depends on porosity and nitrogen-doping level. However, carbon materials often undergo structural collapse during calcination, leading to low porosity and large pore sizes, which hinder electrolyte ion transport and storage. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon materials with hierarchical porous structures were fabricated using a non-solvent phase inversion technique combined with a template method. Scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area and porosity analyses, and electrochemical measurements were employed to investigate the structure-performance relationships of materials prepared with different methods and components. The macroporous structure provided rapid ion transport channels, while the abundant microporous and mesoporous structures offered ion storage sites and exposed additional nitrogen-doped active centers. Experimental results demonstrated that the sample prepared via non-solvent phase inversion with the addition of 100 mg of modified ZIF-8 particles (PC-PZ100) exhibited superior energy storage performance. The specific capacitance reached 766.0 F/g at 0.1 A/g. After 7000 charge-discharge cycles, the capacitance retention remained at 105.5%, indicating excellent cycling stability. When assembled into a symmetric supercapacitor, PC-PZ100 achieved an energy density of 18.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 249.5 W/kg, confirming its outstanding electrochemical energy storage capability.

The chromium oxide (Cr₈O₂₁) primary battery has emerged as a research hotspot in aerospace and military applications owing to its high energy density and high operating voltage. However, its use under extreme conditions is constrained by the inherent trade-off between high current discharge capacity and high-temperature storage life, which conventional electrolytes cannot simultaneously optimize. To address this issue, a multi-component electrolyte design strategy was proposed. A mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC, high dielectric constant) and methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC, low viscosity) was employed to enhance lithium-salt dissociation and ion migration efficiency. Propylene carbonate (PC, high boiling point) was incorporated to improve electrolyte thermal stability, while a dual-salt system of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) was used to regulate solvation structure and form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film enriched with LiF and B—O species. This strategy ensures high ionic conductivity, a low desolvation energy barrier, elevated thermal decomposition temperature, and strong interfacial passivation, thereby overcoming the functional limitations of single-component electrolytes. Experimental results demonstrate that the specific discharge capacity of the Cr₈O₂₁||Li primary battery at a 5 C rate is 1.53 times higher than that with a commercial electrolyte of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄) in PC + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME). Moreover, the high-temperature storage life at 60 ℃ is extended more than fivefold, with a capacity retention of 89% after 720 h. This work establishes a new paradigm for electrolyte design and interface control in high-reliability primary batteries for extreme environments, offering significant engineering value for spacecraft power systems and other specialized applications.

In the development of thermal management technologies for lithium-ion batteries, inorganic phase change materials (IPCM) have garnered increasing attention owing to their high thermal safety. However, conventional IPCM suffer from drawbacks such as melting leakage and poor thermal stability, which limit their applicability in complex battery systems. This study introduces a shape-stabilized composite inorganic phase change material (CIPCM), in which the IPCM is encapsulated at the microscale within a SiO₂ shell to improve thermal stability and supported at the macroscale by a copolymer flexible framework to maintain structural integrity. Furthermore, the CIPCM is incorporated into a COMSOL simulation model to determine the optimal parameter combination and evaluate the thermal management performance of multi-cell modules based on CIPCM. Using COMSOL, the thermal management performance of CIPCM applied to lithium-ion battery modules was simulated. The effects of various charge/discharge rates, CIPCM thickness, and ambient temperatures on battery temperature control and heat dissipation were systematically investigated. The results indicate that, compared with natural air convection, passive cooling by attaching CIPCM to battery surfaces significantly reduces peak surface temperatures and slows the temperature rise rate. Additionally, increasing the CIPCM thickness within a certain range reduces the maximum battery surface temperature. As the CIPCM thickness increased from 2 mm to 5 mm, the cooling performance improved markedly; however, when the thickness exceeded 5 mm, further increases led to diminishing cooling improvements. Moreover, the effectiveness of CIPCM decreases with rising ambient temperatures, highlighting the need to adjust CIPCM usage and design according to practical operating conditions. This study provides valuable design references and data support for IPCM-based thermal management strategies. It also overcomes the limitations of traditional experimental approaches and facilitates the application of CIPCM in large-scale battery modules.

Developing suitable anode materials is essential for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Coal tar pitch is an inexpensive soft carbon precursor with a high carbon yield; however, its low theoretical sodium storage capacity limits practical application. In this study, a molecular modification strategy is proposed, involving grafting various functional groups onto pitch molecules via electrophilic substitution reactions. This approach suppresses melting and rearrangement during carbonization, ultimately yielding hard carbon materials with enlarged interlayer spacing. The modified pitch is characterized by FT-IR and XPS to determine functional group composition. The morphology, microstructure, and pore structure of the resulting carbons are investigated using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and N₂/CO₂ adsorption-desorption analyses. The effect of crosslinker content on the derived hard carbon structure is systematically examined by varying the crosslinking agent dosage. Sodium storage performance is evaluated through galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests, and the storage mechanism is further elucidated using cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The optimal performance is achieved at a 2:3 pitch/crosslinker ratio, delivering 291.4 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g (93% initial Coulombic efficiency) and 242.6 mAh/g after 300 cycles at 1 A/g with 95.6% retention.

This study employed a solvothermal method to fabricate hollow, sea-urchin-like nickel-cobalt bimetallic organic framework (Ni-Co MOF) materials. By adjusting the Ni/Co bimetallic ratio, the particle size and hollow structure of the material were effectively tuned. The optimized Ni/Co ratio significantly increased the specific surface area of the material, exposing more active metal sites and strengthening the chemical interaction with polysulfides, thereby effectively suppressing the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. A series of Ni-Co MOF/PP modified separators were prepared via vacuum filtration, and their electrochemical performance was evaluated to examine the influence of the bimetallic ratio on battery performance. At a Ni/Co ratio of 3∶7, the modified separator exhibited optimal rate capability and cycling stability. The discharge specific capacities reached 1257.6, 950.6, 825.6, 721.4, and 573.8 mAh/g at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 C, respectively. During long-term cycling at 1 C, the initial discharge specific capacity was 864.9 mAh/g, which remained at 537.4 mAh/g after 300 cycles, with a Coulombic efficiency of 95.2% and a low per-cycle capacity decay rate of 0.043%. Furthermore, this modified separator demonstrated the smallest polarization voltage difference, excellent reversibility, high electrochemical stability within the operating voltage range, high ionic conductivity, and a large Li⁺ transference number. It also exhibited strong chemical binding interactions with polysulfides, effectively inhibiting their migration and diffusion as a modified separator coating. Overall, these results demonstrate that the material anchors active substances through strong interfacial adsorption, significantly mitigating the shuttle effect in Li-S batteries and providing superior electrochemical barrier functionality.

Chloride salts are promising high-temperature thermal energy storage materials due to their low cost and high heat storage density. However, their low specific heat capacity and poor thermal conductivity limit their performance, necessitating enhancement strategies. In this study, LiCl-NaCl-KCl ternary eutectic salt was selected as the storage medium, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were introduced as dopants. A microscopic model of the molten salt nanofluid was constructed using molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the effects of temperature and nanoparticles on the microstructure and thermophysical properties. The structure-property relationship of the nanofluid was analyzed. Results show that, within the temperature range of 673—1073 K, the density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of both the base salt and nanofluid decrease with increasing temperature. The addition of nanoparticles, however, increases these properties. As temperature rises, the first peak position of the radial distribution function shifts to shorter distances and its intensity weakens, indicating reduced particle number density around central ions, lower coordination numbers, weakened interparticle association, and increased self-diffusion coefficients, thereby enhancing the diffusion ability of the molten salt. Conversely, nanoparticles strengthen the association between cations and anions, shorten ion-ion distances, increase coordination numbers, and reduce self-diffusion coefficients, ultimately weakening the system's diffusion ability.

Ion exchange membranes, electrodes, bipolar plates, and vanadium electrolytes are the key materials for vanadium flow batteries, and they have a crucial impact on the performance and cost. The technical specifications of these materials serve as the standards for determining their suitability for use in vanadium flow batteries. They are also an important basis for factory inspections of key material suppliers and for incoming quality inspections by battery manufacturers. From the perspective of industrial development and application, this paper first provides a detailed introduction to the performance requirements and related technical specifications of key materials for vanadium flow battery. The goal is to enhance the understanding of technical indicators by key material suppliers in the upstream of batteries and guide the development and optimization direction of key materials. Next, the paper briefly outlines the main types, production processes, and current industrial development status of key materials, offering insights that can help practioners in the vanadium flow battery industry strengthen their understanding and control of the upstream key material supply chain. Additionally, from the perspective of the development of the vanadium flow battery industry, this paper discusses the current research focus and future industrialization development requirements and directions of key materials. Moreover, this paper proposes that, under the premise of ensuring the performance of vanadium flow battery, future efforts should focus on cost and durability as the core indicators for key materials. These factors are essential for reducing the system costs of vanadium flow battery, extending the service life, and enhancing the market competitiveness of vanadium flow batteries.

As the most promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries, NASICON-type polyanionic cathode materials have attracted significant industrial attention due to their excellent cycle and rate performances. These materials offer relatively high voltage, simple preparation, superior reaction kinetics, and thermodynamic stability. Although some polyanionic phosphate materials are already in large-scale production, the commercialization of certain phosphates remains limited by technical bottlenecks. This paper categorizes these cathodes based on their transition metal elements and discusses their key challenges, including high cost, unstable frameworks, and environmental concerns. This paper highlights research progress in areas such as material structure-activity relationships, raw material costs, element doping, and interface regulation. Notable advances include activating more electron reaction pairs, optimizing reaction kinetics, and developing cost-effective materials. Among the transition metals, such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe, Mn-based phosphates stand out for their high voltage and low cost. However, the Jahn-Teller effect during cycling causes lattice distortion and capacity fading in Mn-based materials. Moreover, this work summarizes the optimization strategies for Mn-based phosphates aimed at accelerating the commercialization of NASICON-type polyanionic cathodes.

Thermochemical energy storage technology utilizes the reversible chemical reactions of thermochemical energy storage materials to store and release heat. The performance of the materials directly determines the efficiency and application potential of the thermochemical heat storage system. At present, the promotion and application of thermochemical energy storage materials are confronted with problems such as low thermal conductivity, low conversion rate, poor cycle stability and high cost. This paper reviews the research progress and optimization paths of thermochemical heat storage materials in cross-seasonal energy storage under different temperature zone classifications, with a focus on discussing the preparation methods and modification approaches of thermochemical heat storage materials. The thermochemical energy storage characteristics of materials such as low-temperature hydrated salts, ammonia complexes, metal oxides, metal hydrides, hydroxides, carbonates, ammonia and organic substances were reviewed. Regarding preparation methods of materials, the principles and typical application examples of sol-gel method, encapsulation molding method, microcapsule method and impregnation method are expounded. The differences among the three shell encapsulation materials, namely polymers, inorganic oxides and ceramics, are emphatically introduced, and the advantages, disadvantages and applicable scenarios of dry impregnation and wet impregnation are compared and analyzed. For the modification methods of materials, three methods, namely physical modification, chemical modification and doping of composite materials, have been introduced. The physical and chemical properties of thermochemical energy storage materials before and after modification are differentiated and analyzed. Comprehensive analysis shows that by choosing appropriate material preparation methods and using modification methods such as chemical element doping, metal surface coating, physical structure regulation and porous carrier composite, the cycling stability, service life, reactivity and heat storage density of materials can be significantly improved, which is expected to promote the early realization of commercial application of thermochemical energy storage technology.

Perlite has become an important carrier of phase change materials due to its strong adsorption capacity and stability. With the enhancement of people's awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, the perlite-based phase change energy storage materials become significant in the energy structure optimization and efficiency improvement with their high performance. Based on the characteristics of perlite-based phase change energy storage materials, this paper covers the shortage of the materials through pretreatment, comprehensively analyzes the preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages of organic, inorganic and composite perlite-based phase change energy storage materials, and discusses the application fields of perlite-based phase change energy storage materials, aiming to provide support for the promotion and application of phase change energy storage materials.

Sulfide based all solid state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have attracted widespread interest in the industry due to their potential to address the limited energy density and safety concerns of conventional Li-ion batteries,while benefiting from the high ionic conductivity (10^-3—10^-2 S/cm) and ductility of sulfide solid electrolytes(SEs). However, the production of thick electrolyte membranes to obtain enough mechanical strength, and the preparation of sulfide materials and positive electrode composite membranes to reduce interface impedance, resulted in a lower energy density in ASSLBs compared to their theoretical energy density. From this, it can be seen that sulfide solid electrolyte membranes are crucial for the performance of ASSLBs, and the fabrication of ultra-thin and strong sulfide-based solid electrolyte (SSEs) membranes stands as a critical solution to this challenge. This paper begins with a concise analysis of the criteria and preparation challenges for thin SSEs membranes through a review of recent literature. It then systematically summarizes existing preparation techniques, detailing the advantages and limitations of each method. These techniques are broadly categorized into wet-process (e.g., cold/hot pressing, tape casting, infiltration, 3D printing and et al) and dry-process approaches (e.g., powder compaction and binder fibrillation). Notably, tape casting and infiltration methods demonstrate potential for large-scale fabrication and compatibility with conventional liquid lithium-ion battery electrode production lines. Binder fibrillation, being solvent-free, significantly reduces environmental impact and manufacturing costs. Finally, the paper outlines future development directions for thin SSEs membranes.

Methanol, with its advantages of low cost, easy storage and transportation, and wide availability, serves as a critical carrier for China's green and low-carbon energy transition and is often referred to as "liquid sunlight." Methanol-based fuel cells have demonstrated broad application prospects in portable power systems, mobile/fixed power stations, and vehicle/ship propulsion. This paper introduces the types and characteristics of various methanol fuel cells and analyzes research and application progress in terms of electrical efficiency. The analysis focuses on temperature matching between methanol reforming and fuel cell operation, waste heat utilization, and power generation efficiency. Direct methanol fuel cells are characterized by low power density, low operating temperatures, and high noble metal catalyst loading, rendering them particularly well-suited for portable power applications. Despite its advanced technological status and considerable miniaturization potential, methanol reforming in conjunction with hydrogen fuel cells exhibits limited system efficiency, primarily due to the underutilization of waste heat from the fuel cell. High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs), operating at approximately 200 ℃, have the potential to enhance waste heat recovery efficiency and, consequently, system efficiency through optimized thermal management. However, challenges persist in extending membrane lifespan and reducing catalyst usage. Methanol-fed solid oxide fuel cells, which operate at even higher temperatures, achieve the highest theoretical efficiency by fully utilizing waste heat for methanol/water vaporization and reforming. Current research focuses on carbon-resistant anodes and improved thermal conduction structures. In conclusion, the present document summarizes the thermal utilization characteristics of distinct methanol fuel cells and proposes a system design principle of "fixed temperature, adjustable efficiency, and strong thermal coupling" to maximize overall system efficiency.

Carnot batteries are anticipated to evolve into combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems based on their thermo-electric conversion principle. When integrated with cascaded latent heat and cold storage technologies, these systems can flexibly supply electricity together with multigrade heat and cold. Given the time-varying nature of renewable energy inputs and load demands, analyzing dynamic response characteristics is essential to overcome technical barriers and support large-scale deployment. This study develops a dynamic model of a Carnot battery-based CCHP system incorporating cascaded latent heat and cold storage. The model evaluates the system's multienergy coordinated response under disturbances in electrical and heating/cooling power outputs, and examines the dynamic evolution of outlet temperatures and pressures, working fluid mass flow rates, and compressor/expander rotational speeds. Results show that cascaded latent heat and cold storage units provide strong thermal buffering, effectively smoothing outlet temperature fluctuations caused by changes in working fluid flow rate. Consequently, heating/cooling power outputs—primarily governed by working fluid flow rate—respond more rapidly than electrical power. The system also demonstrates robust resistance to multi-energy disturbances, with electrical and thermal/cooling power fluctuations being independent, thus enabling stable co-generation. Moreover, compressor/expander speed and mass flow rate are positively correlated with power input during charging: a 5% decrease in electrical input reduces them by 0.8% and 2.7%, respectively. Conversely, during discharging, they are negatively correlated with load fluctuations: a 5% reduction in load increases them by 1.4% and 4.5%, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of advanced control strategies.

In recent years, frequent fire accidents at electrochemical energy storage stations have drawn widespread attention to their safe operation. To systematically identify accident characteristics, clarify causative factors, and assess the current state of fire protection systems, this study adopts a combined approach of statistical analysis and questionnaire surveys. Based on 102 representative fire incidents worldwide between 2016 and 2025, statistical analyses were conducted across dimensions such as country of occurrence, temporal distribution, battery type, operational status, and root causes. The results show that incidents are concentrated in specific time periods and regions, with high occurrence during operation and maintenance phases. Notably, 2018 and 2023 were peak years; South Korea accounted for the highest proportion of cases, and 80.8% of accidents occurred during operation and maintenance. Incidents involving ternary lithium batteries consistently outnumbered those involving lithium iron phosphate batteries, though the latter showed an annual increase. Battery failure (21.2%) and system defects (54.5%) were identified as the main causes. Field investigations at 18 electrochemical energy storage stations in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Hebei, Guizhou, and Shandong provinces in China indicate that fire protection systems are predominantly designed by engineering procurement construction contractors in accordance with national standards, yet investment in fire safety remains insufficient. A total of 77.78% of the stations used heptafluoropropane as the extinguishing agent, and some were located more than 60 minutes from the nearest fire brigade. Furthermore, 22.22% of the stations had not filed emergency response plans, and 38.89% lacked dedicated or part-time firefighting teams, revealing significant weaknesses in emergency preparedness mechanisms.

In recent years, numerous fire and explosion accidents have occurred in energy storage power stations due to battery thermal runaway, causing severe casualties and property losses. Therefore, improving the safety of energy storage systems is an urgent priority. In this study, a physical model of a prefabricated energy storage cabin was established using FLACS software to simulate the leakage, diffusion, and explosion processes of combustible gases released during the thermal runaway of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Characteristic parameters, including concentration distribution, explosion pressure, and flame morphology of combustible gases, were analyzed under varying leakage durations and ignition heights, and their impacts on the safety of energy storage power stations were evaluated. The results indicate that following LFP thermal runaway, combustible gases accumulate preferentially beneath the cabin roof. With longer leakage durations, the high-concentration zone expands downward, nearly filling the entire cabin within 7 s. During the early leakage stage (0—3 s), the probability of explosion is high, and the explosion intensity increases with rising gas concentration. At later stages, oxygen inside the cabin becomes insufficient, reducing the probability of explosion; however, the explosion intensity reaches its maximum when the ignition height is 1.75 m. These findings highlight that LFP thermal runaway in energy storage cabins poses considerable diffusion and explosion hazards, particularly during the initial leakage stage and at specific ignition heights. Therefore, the design of energy storage power stations should carefully account for gas diffusion and explosion characteristics, with optimized deployment of pressure relief panels and protective measures to mitigate fire and explosion risks.

With the growth of global energy demand and the rapid development of new energy technologies, the importance of energy storage technology is becoming increasingly prominent. Mechanical elastic energy storage technology, as a new type of energy storage method, has received widespread attention in recent years due to its advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, and easy maintenance. This article provides an overview of the current research status of mechanical elastic energy storage technology, including advances in vortex spring materials, energy storage box structures, and operational control. Research has shown that the core component of mechanical elastic energy storage technology is the vortex spring, whose physical and mechanical properties directly affect the energy density and efficiency of the entire energy storage system. Meanwhile, the structural design of the energy storage box will have an impact on the entire energy storage system. In terms of operation control, the control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the development of key technologies such as decoupling control and intelligent control optimization were analyzed. In addition, the article also highlights the importance of optimizing the energy storage process, including precise control of motor operating status and optimization of vortex spring physical behavior. These studies provide useful ideas and references for the further development and application of mechanical elastic energy storage technology.

The grid connection of variable-speed pumped storage units can effectively improve the frequency stability of power systems with high levels of renewable energy integration. However, their frequency regulation capability is limited by the slow guide vane movement of hydraulic turbines and the phenomenon of negative power regulation. To further enhance the grid frequency regulation capability, this study addresses the frequency deterioration caused by the restricted adjustment rate of the guide vanes in the variable-speed pumped storage units and the initial negative power regulation during vane operation. Leveraging the fast response of battery energy storage systems, we propose a hybrid energy storage frequency regulation control strategy that coordinates battery energy storage systems with variable-speed pumped storage units. First, a dynamic frequency response model incorporating variable-speed pumped storage units is developed to reveal the influence of the guide vane regulation speed and negative power regulation on frequency characteristics. Subsequently, an adaptive method for setting the frequency regulation coefficients of battery energy storage based on the guide vane opening is introduced. By defining a guide vane operation coefficient, this method links the battery energy storage frequency regulation coefficient to the guide vane opening, enabling the adaptive adjustment of the battery power output according to the degree of vane opening. This ensures a smooth transition of power contributions between the battery energy storage systems and variable-speed pumped storage units during frequency regulation. Finally, a MATLAB/Simulink simulation model, including variable-speed pumped storage units, is developed to validate the effectiveness of the control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy effectively compensates for the low power response of hydraulic turbines, mitigates the negative power regulation caused by guide vane movements, improves the system frequency characteristics, and alleviates the frequency deterioration caused by the integration of renewable energy.

To address the uncertainties and complexities brought to the grid-side by the grid connection of renewable energy, to solve problems such as capacity allocation, operation cost, and energy accommodation of the grid-side energy storage system, and to improve grid stability and energy accommodation efficiency. Through the integration of the enhanced Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm and the Adaptive Distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) approach, an adaptive collaborative optimization strategy for the grid-side energy storage system is proposed. The enhanced DDPG incorporates a preference experience replay and a noise adjustment mechanism, thereby enhancing learning efficiency and exploration ability. The adaptive DMPC performs parallel computing and local optimization by decomposing large-scale problems. Compared with the traditional DDPG algorithm, this strategy has been shown to have remarkable effects in optimizing the capacity allocation of grid-side energy storage, reducing the system operation cost, and improving the renewable energy consumption rate. This strategy provides an innovative solution for the optimal allocation of the grid-side renewable energy storage system and is of great significance for ensuring the stable operation of the power grid.

In the context of large-scale development of new energy power generation, battery energy storage systems have become increasingly critical to maintaining stable power grid operations, with software security issues emerging as a prominent challenge. Current energy storage system software faces multi-dimensional threats including malicious code injection, control command hijacking, and data tampering. Conventional software protection technologies struggle to meet the real-time performance and high-reliability requirements specific to energy storage systems. This study systematically analyzes the software architecture hierarchy of energy storage systems and establishes a comprehensive security framework through three dimensions: anomaly detection, data integrity assurance, and access control. The research findings provide theoretical references for designing secure protection solutions, which is crucial for enhancing the safety resilience of energy storage systems in modern power grids.

with the acceleration of China's energy transformation under the goal of "double carbon", the new energy power system is facing challenges, and the battery energy storage industry has become the key support. This paper summarizes the policy orientation of battery energy storage industry at home and abroad. Foreign countries such as the United States, Britain and Germany promote the development of energy storage industry through financial subsidies, tax incentives, market access liberalization and other policies. In China, battery energy storage has been included in the national strategic development plan since 2016, and a number of policies have been issued to promote its commercialization. However, there are still some problems in the domestic battery energy storage industry policy, such as the imbalance of top-level overall planning, the lack of market economy construction, and the imperfect enterprise operation and marketing mechanism. Therefore, suggestions on the establishment of the future battery energy storage policy system are put forward, including the marketing oriented incentive mode, the reform of the energy storage allocation mechanism under the carbon emission market, and the formulation of market policies to improve the market mechanism, so as to provide reference for the development of new energy storage industrialization.

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources such as modern wind power into the grid has improved energy output, but it has also brought about fluctuating grid risks. The application of power grid risk warning models and energy storage technology has effectively alleviated this problem. This article summarizes the design logic and real-time scheduling strategy of the power grid risk warning model supported by energy storage technology. Firstly, it elaborates on the classification and response characteristics of mainstream energy storage technologies, the types of power grid risks, and the role of energy storage equipment in the risk model; Introduce the design steps of the warning model again, covering multi-source data fusion, noise reduction, and composite modeling prediction; Continuing to explore the peak shaving, frequency regulation functions, and layered control strategies in real-time energy storage scheduling; Finally, the focus is on analyzing the collaborative mechanism of multiple types of energy storage, pointing out that hybrid energy storage is the trend and fuzzy control is needed to solve the problem of power allocation.

Accurate estimation of the peak power state [state of power (SOP)] for power batteries is essential for ensuring safe operation and extending the driving range of new energy vehicles. To address the insufficient accuracy of existing SOP estimation methods, this study proposes a joint estimation model—multi-constraint conditions (MCC)-sparrow search algorithm (SSA)-extreme learning machine (ELM)—which integrates MCC with an SSA-optimized ELM for error prediction and correction. Using a single lithium manganese oxide battery as the research subject, a second-order RC equivalent circuit model is established. Online parameter identification is performed with a forgetting factor-based recursive least squares method, and the battery's state of charge (SOC) is dynamically estimated using an adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm. Furthermore, three-level operational conditions—30 s, 2 min, and 5 min—are defined based on discharge durations to simulate real-world scenarios. A preliminary SOP estimation model under varying durations is developed by comprehensively considering constraints such as SOC, voltage, and maximum allowable discharge current. Subsequently, absolute error datasets between estimated and measured SOP values under MCC are used to train ELM and SSA-ELM error prediction models, enabling dynamic compensation and correction of preliminary estimates. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MCC-SSA-ELM model markedly improves SOP estimation accuracy. Compared to the MCC and MCC-ELM models, the average relative errors of the MCC-SSA-ELM model under 30 s, 2 min, and 5 min durations are reduced by 0.382%, 6.215%, and 6.858%, respectively, with final errors consistently controlled within 0.15%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and engineering applicability of the proposed method.

To address the problem of thermal runaway propagation of lithium battery modules for large-scale energy storage, this paper proposed an immersion liquid cooling scheme. The thermal safety performance of 280 Ah lithium battery modules for energy storage under different immersion conditions was experimentally investigated. The propagation properties of thermal runaway under immersion and non-immersion conditions were compared, and the regulation mechanism of immersion cooling on the thermal runaway process of modules was analyzed. The results show that when overcharging triggers the thermal runaway of the intermediate battery, the battery module undergoes thermal runaway propagation under nonimmersed conditions, whereas no propagation occurs under immersion. Increasing the immersion height ratio delays the opening time of the battery and lowers its surface temperature when the thermal runaway is triggered. However, the cooling of the module is accelerated after the thermal runaway, and the risk of thermal runaway propagation is reduced. Under nonimmersion conditions, the maximum temperature of the battery module reaches 635.4 ℃, with a peak temperature rise rate of 17.5 ℃/s and a mass loss rate of 23.26%. At the immersion height ratio of 100%, the maximum temperature decreases to 322.6 ℃, the peak temperature rise rate reduces to 12.3 ℃/s, and the mass loss rate reduces to 3.85%. Additionally, the peak temperature of adjacent batteries remains below 242.6 ℃, effectively suppressing heat spread. Comparing different immersion conditions, it is found that the above thermal runaway characteristic parameters do not change significantly when the immersion height ratio exceeds 100%. These findings provide valuable guidance for the structural design and optimization of submerged lithium battery energy storage systems.

Accurately predicting the charging time of lithium batteries can improve charging efficiency and optimize resource allocation-an important factor for developing electric vehicles. This study proposes an adaptive prediction method for electric vehicle charging duration under different modes based on a deep feature fusion model. First, vehicle operation data collected by a new energy vehicle monitoring platform are cleaned and segmented, and charging modes are classified based on voltage, current, and average power to form fast- and slow-charging datasets. Next, based on the charging dataset, principal component analysis is applied to extract model input features. Then, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is constructed by integrating the attention mechanism to obtain intermediate features through a nonlinear mapping of input features. As features directly extracted from raw data cannot fully capture the complex relationship with charging duration, a random forest (RF) model is introduced to construct leaf-node rule features based on the internal splitting principle of RF, exploring implicit feature information. A "rule layer" is subsequently established in the MLP to fuse intermediate and rule features, achieving structural fusion of the two models. Finally, the prediction results of the attention MLP-RF fusion model are validated, demonstrating an average absolute error of 4.25 and 6.68 minutes for fast-and slow-charging modes, respectively, with an average absolute percentage error of 4.33% and 3.86%, indicating accurate prediction of different electric vehicle charging durations. Moreover, this method maintains high accuracy in predicting charging duration under battery aging and short-term charging conditions, with an average prediction error of less than 2 min. Overall, the fusion model demonstrates strong predictive performance and generalization capabilities.

Lithium-ion batteries, as key energy storage devices, are widely used in new energy fields such as electric vehicles, and their performance degradation and life prediction are crucial for battery health management. Early prediction can optimize battery usage strategies and provide a crucial basis for fault warning. To address challenges of poor early data quality and weak degradation characteristics, this study proposes a method for predicting the early remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries based on multiscale feature fusion. First, the decomposition of early signals is optimized by adaptively adjusting the key parameters of time-varying filtered empirical mode decomposition using an improved grasshopper optimization algorithm to effectively extract early degradation features. Second, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are divided into three components—high-frequency, medium-low-frequency, and trend terms representing capacity degradation—using the k-means clustering algorithm, which considerably enhances early feature expression ability after weighted fusion. Furthermore, a prediction model based on whale migration algorithm optimization is constructed to independently predict IMFs in each frequency band. Finally, through the fusion and reconstruction of multiscale prediction results, both the degradation trajectory and remaining service life prediction of the battery are achieved. Experiments based on the CALCE and MIT datasets demonstrate that this method outperforms traditional prediction models, with root mean square error consistently below 1.4%, providing a reliable solution for early-life prediction of lithium-ion batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a key direction for new energy storage because of their abundant resources, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, under extreme conditions, such as high-voltage overcharging, sodium-ion batteries are prone to thermal runaway, posing a severe threat to system operation safety. This study focuses on a 185 Ah layered oxide-positive electrode sodium-ion single-cell battery. An experimental platform was designed to simulate the overcharge-induced thermal runaway, collecting three key parameters: voltage, temperature, and pressure. The evolution trend and characteristic response of these parameters during the thermal runaway process were analyzed. A dynamic risk index system was then constructed based on the rate of change of multiple signals. To adaptively adjust feature weights, the anti-entropy weight method was introduced, leading to the development of a comprehensive risk index that evolves over time. A multi-level warning model is proposed by dividing the process stages based on the mechanism of thermal runaway. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the thermal runaway risk of batteries at different stages and provides a strong early-warning capability with engineering application value. These findings offer a theoretical basis and practical support for the thermal safety management and intelligent monitoring of sodium-ion batteries.

To address the challenge of accurately estimating battery state of energy under nonGaussian noise interference, an improved maximum correntropy cubature Kalman filter method based on student's t-kernel (ITMCCKF) is proposed. First, the sand cat swarm optimization algorithm is employed for rapid and accurate identification of equivalent circuit model parameters. Next, the cubature Kalman filter is applied to mitigate nonlinear estimation errors. On this basis, the maximum correntropy criterion is introduced and the traditional Gaussian kernel function is replaced with the student's t-kernel function to leverage higher-order information under non-Gaussian noise. In addition, distinct kernel parameters are set for error weight matrix calculations to enhance the ability to process non-Gaussian noise with varying distribution characteristics and improve estimation accuracy. Finally, three noise environments are constructed, combining Gaussian mixed noise, shot noise, uniform mixed noise, and Laplace noise. Tests were conducted based on the FUDS, US06, and BJDST at 25 ℃ and 0 ℃. Experimental results show that compared with MCCKF algorithms, the average root mean square estimation errors of the proposed algorithm were reduced by 50.2%, 53.8%, and 52.8%, respectively, in the three noise environments at room temperature and by 50.4%, 61.0% and 64.1%, respectively, at 0 ℃. These findings verify the generalization ability and robustness of the proposed algorithm under non-Gaussian noise conditions.

This paper focuses on the application of hybrid energy storage systems based on dynamic variable coefficients in the field of power system frequency control. It elaborates on the research background and significance of this technology, sorts out the current research status and the challenges faced, and proposes a series of innovative frequency control methods for hybrid energy storage systems based on dynamic variable coefficients. Furthermore, it makes a theoretical prospect of the expected effects of these methods in power system application scenarios. The innovation of these methods provides a comprehensive and in-depth theoretical framework for hybrid energy storage systems to better serve the frequency stability of power systems, and effectively promotes the technological development and practical application of the power industry.

Amid the multiple challenges posed by high proportions of renewable energy and power electronic equipment in new power systems under "two high" background, electrochemical energy storage—characterized by high efficiency, flexibility, and technological diversity—is emerging as a core supporting technology for building new power systems and achieving dual carbon goals. Standardization in the energy storage industry is crucial for guiding technological upgrades in energy storage stations, advancing high-quality development, and fostering market-oriented growth. Currently, the electrochemical energy storage industry remains in a phase of rapid development, with existing standards insufficient to comprehensively address the industry's multifaceted needs across its entire life cycle, diverse real-world application scenarios, and multiple technology types. This study comprehensively reviews the electrochemical energy storage standards established by international standardization organizations and analyzes China's existing standard system in depth based on the 2023 Guidelines for the Construction of New Energy Storage Standard Systems. Focusing on eight key areas, ncluding basic and general standards, planning and design, equipment testing, and safety and emergency response, the study identifies major gaps, existing frameworks, and emerging standardization needs. Integrating the current technological development status of China's energy storage industry, the study proposes targeted recommendations and forward-looking insights for different stages of standard formulation. This study provides valuable references for future standard development and the healthy, orderly growth of the electrochemical energy storage sector.