Performance research of compression energy storage system with CO2-based mixture

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1198

Abstract

Abstract:

To improve the energy storage density of compressed energy storage systems and address challenges in CO₂ condensation, this study proposes a liquid-phase CO₂-based compressed energy storage system, where CO₂ mixtures are stored in liquid form on both high- and low-pressure sides. A steady-state thermal-economic model was developed to assess the system adaptability of seven CO₂-based mixtures (CO₂/R32, CO₂/R41, CO₂/R22, CO₂/R125, CO₂/R143a, CO₂/R601, and CO₂/R601a). In addition, the optimal CO₂-based mixtures and mixing ratios were selected to reveal the impact of the key operating parameters on the system performance. The results demonstrate that with an increase in the CO₂ mass fraction, the round-trip efficiency (RTE) and exergy efficiency (ηex) of the system are improved. CO₂/R41, CO₂/R32, and CO₂/R22 exhibit superior performance and lower sensitivity to CO₂ mass fraction. Among the seven mixed working fluids, CO₂/R41 (0.65/0.35) demonstrated the best thermal-economic performance under design conditions, with RTE and ηex of 59.12% and 53.11%, respectively. The high- and low-pressure storage tanks require volumes of 5217.65 m³ and 2787.39 m³, respectively, achieving an energy storage density of 9.36 kWh/m³. The total capital cost (TCC) is 134.06×10⁶ CNY, with a payback period (PBP) of 6.59 years. For the compressed CO₂/R41 (0.65/0.35) energy storage system, increasing the high-pressure storage tank temperature linearly increases RTE and η_ex, whereas TCC initially decreases before increasing. Conversely, an increase in the temperature of the low-pressure storage tank decreased RTE and ηex while increasing both TCC and PBP.

Key words: CO₂-based mixture, compression energy storage, performance analysis

CLC Number:

TK 02

Bin WANG, Jun TAN, Fenghe LI, Xinxing LIN, Sumin GUAN, Ruochen DING, Wen SU. Performance research of compression energy storage system with CO₂-based mixture[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2391-2404.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1

Table 1

Energy balance formula of system components"

部件	公式
透平	$W t u r, i = m m i x, d i s h i n, i - h o u t, i t d i s = m m i x, d i s h i n, i - h o u t s, i η e s t d i s$
压缩机	$W c o m, i = m m i x, c h a r h o u t, i - h i n, i t c h a r = m m i x, c h a r h o u t s, i - h i n, i t c h a r η c s$
冷却器	$Q c o o l e r, i = m m i x, c h a r h i n, i - h o u t, i t c h a r = m w a t e r, i c p T i n, i - T o u t, i t c h a r$ $m i n T i n_m i x, C O 2, i - T o u t_w a t e r, i = P P T D$
加热器	$Q h e a t e r, i = m m i x, d i s h i n, i - h o u t, i t d i s = m w a t e r, i c p T i n, i - T o u t, i t d i s$ $m i n T i n - o u t_w a t e r, i - T i n - o u t_m i x, C O 2, i = P P T D$
蓄冷器	$Q c o l d, i = m m i x, c h a r h i n, i - h o u t, i t c h a r = m m i x, d i s h i n, i - h o u t, i t d i s$
散热器	$Q c o o l i n g = m m i x, d i s h i n, i - h o u t, i t d i s = m m i x, c h a r h i n, i - h o u t, i t c h a r$
节流阀	$h i n, i = h o u t, i$

Table 1

Table 2

Exergy loss equations of system components"

部件	㶲损失方程
透平	$I t u r, i = m m i x, d i s e i n, i - e o u t, i t d i s - W t u r, i$
压缩机	$I c o m, i = m m i x, c h a r e i n, i - e o u t, i t c h a r + W c o m, i$
冷却器	$I c o o l e r, i = m m i x, c h a r e i n, i - e o u t, i t c h a r + m w a t e r, i e i n, i - e o u t, i t c h a r$
加热器	$I h e a t e r, i = m m i x, d i s e i n, i - e o u t, i t d i s + m w a t e r, i e i n, i - e o u t, i t d i s$
蓄冷器	$I c o l d, i = m m i x, c h a r e i n, i - e o u t, i t c h a r + m m i x, d i s e i n, i - e o u t, i t d i s$
散热器	$I c o o l i n g, i = m m i x, d i s e i n, c o o l i n g - e o u t, c o o l i n g t d i s = m m i x, c h a r e i n, c o o l i n g - e o u t, c o o l i n g t c h a r$
节流阀	$I T V, i = m m i x, c h a r e i n, i - e o u t, i t c h a r = m m i x, d i s e i n, i - e o u t, i t d i s$

Table 2

Table 3

Costing formula[8]"

部件/项目	成本计算公式
透平	$C t u r b i n e = 479.34 m m i x, d i s 0.93 - η e s l o g P i n P o u t 1 + e 0.036 T i n - 54.4$
压缩机	$C c o m p r e s s o r = 71.1 0.92 - η c s m m i x, c h a r P o u t P i n l o g P o u t P i n$
换热器	$C h e a t e r = C c o o l e r = 2681 A 0.59$
混合工质储罐	$C S T = 1000 V$
储水罐	$C W T = 5941.7 V - 0.389$
场地开发成本	$C s i t e = 0.1 P E C$
设备安装成本	$C i n s t a l l = 0.2 P E C$
工程、管理和规划成本	$C e n g = 0.05 P E C + C s i t e + C i n s t a l l$
应急成本	$C c o n t i n g = 0.1 P E C + C s i t e + C i n s t a l l$

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 2

Table 5

Operating condition parameters"

参数	设计值
额定功率P_ed/MW	15
储能时间t_char/h	8 (0：00—8：00)
释能时间t_dis/h	5 (18：00—23：00)
低压储罐温度T_low/℃	-40
高压储罐温度T_high/℃	35
压缩机出口温度/℃	130
压缩机等熵效率η_cs/%	85
汽轮机等熵效率η_es/%	85
发电机额定效率γ/%	98
储水罐压力P_water/kPa	300
换热器的窄点温差 $Δ T$ /℃	10
环境温度T₀/℃	25
峰值电价P_peak/(元/kWh)	1.25 (8：00—13：00; 18：00—23：00)
谷电价格P_valley/(元/kWh)	0.3 (23：00—8：00)
平价电力价格P_parity/(元/kWh)	0.74 (13：00—18：00)
运行年限n/a	20

Table 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

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工质	物理特性
工质	临界温度/℃	临界压力/MPa	沸点/℃	摩尔质量/(kg/kmol)
CO₂	31.10	7.38	-78.40	44.01
R32	78.10	5.78	-51.70	52.02
R41	107.10	4.90	-29.5	72.00
R22	96.15	4.99	-40.81	86.47
R125	66.05	3.592	-49.00	120
R143a	73.10	3.76	-47.00	94.20
R601	196.60	3.37	36.10	72.15
R601a	187.20	3.38	27.80	72.15

名称	㶲损失/kWh	比例/%
节流阀1	93.09	0.15
节流阀2	760.89	1.26
节流阀3	404.92	0.67
中温蓄冷器	5534.08	9.22
高温蓄冷器	1263.50	2.10
加热器1	3647.83	6.07
加热器2	2344.54	3.90
冷却器1	2587.55	4.31
冷却器2	1449.68	2.41
透平1	4246.77	7.07
透平2	10496.58	17.49
压缩机1	8047.76	13.41
压缩机2	19122.04	31.87

参数	数值
压缩耗电量/MWh	126.84
发电量/MWh	75.00
储能效率/%	59.12
㶲效率/%	53.11
储热水总质量/t	1946.93
CO₂/R41总质量/t	2746.18
高压储罐体积/m³	5217.65
低压储罐体积/m³	2787.39
储能密度/(kWh/m³)	9.36

名称	数值
透平成本/元	12.32×10⁶
压缩机成本/元	4.63×10⁶
换热器成本/元	12.39×10⁶
高压储罐成本/元	36.52×10⁶
低压储罐成本/元	19.51×10⁶
储水罐成本/元	0.06×10⁶
土地开发成本/元	8.97×10⁶
设备安装成本/元	17.93×10⁶
工程、管理和规划成本/元	5.83×10⁶
应急成本/元	11.66×10⁶
PEC/元	85.43×10⁶
TCC/元	129.82×10⁶
年现金流出值/元	13.89×10⁶
年现金流入值/元	34.22×10⁶
投资回收期/a	6.38

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Performance research of compression energy storage system with CO₂-based mixture

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