Application of electric energy technologies in naval combat operations

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0394

Abstract

Abstract:

As nations increasingly emphasize maritime interests and the demand for deep-sea operations grows, it is necessary to address the endurance, extreme environments, and complex operational conditions of manned and unmanned ships, boats, submarines, robots, pre-positioned sensors, and other equipment operating both on the surface and underwater. In particular, the enhanced power supply requirements for battlefield energy integration-such as high-load rapid maneuvering, ultra-long endurance, and extended pre-positioning-necessitate the development of an integrated "acquisition-storage-transmission-networking" regional energy system tailored to maritime combat platforms. Such a system would enable rapid replenishment of surface and underwater energy resources or establish an efficient, rapid-response guarantee strategy supported by advanced power distribution networks. Currently, electro-energy technologies widely applied to maritime combat platforms include chemical batteries for platform power supply, long-range reserve power sources, large-scale pre-positioned underwater energy storage, mechanical energy conversion in marine environments, solar energy conversion in marine environments, bioenergy conversion in marine environments, and underwater electro-energy support networks. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of chemical batteries, wireless energy transmission, solar energy, wave energy, biomass energy, and nuclear energy, the trend toward integrated electro-energy networks for surface and underwater applications has become increasingly evident. Therefore, to identify advanced and better-suited energy acquisition, transmission, storage, and networking technologies that can effectively support the iterative upgrading and innovative application of maritime combat power energy security, this paper systematically reviews the latest developments in these fields. It summarizes current technological levels, capabilities, and critical challenges requiring breakthroughs, while also analyzing prospects for constructing an integrated surface-underwater maritime combat energy security system.

Key words: maritime combat platform, power supply, reserve battery, ocean energy, electro-energy network

CLC Number:

TM 912

Jia NIU, Huimin ZHANG, Songtong ZHANG, Lihua WANG, Jiaxin YAO, Wenjie MENG, Guiling WANG, Jingyi QIU, Zhenhua FANG, Hai MING. Application of electric energy technologies in naval combat operations[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(10): 3875-3899.

Figures/Tables 11

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Table 1

Comparison of key parameters of electric power energy technology for naval operations"

序号	技术类别	电压等级	能量密度	功率密度/功率等级	循环寿命	海上典型应用	技术优势	待突破关键技术
1	锂电池	单体通常大于3.0 V；钛酸锂电池不超过3 V(1.5~2.75 V)。	当前一般为200 Wh/kg，希望发展到500 Wh/kg。	单体可以实现大于10 kW/kg，系统可以实现大于1 kW/kg。	分一次电池和二次电池，二次电池使用寿命大于500次。	水面舰艇、潜艇、两栖无人机、海上航空飞机、水下单兵系统、预置储能等。	①能量密度高，功率密度高；②循环寿命长；③维护要求较低。	①安全性，尤其是水下密闭空间；②水下挤压、振动等环境下的失效机制分析；③海水浸泡时的安全性。
2	铅酸电池	单体通常为2 V。	当前一般在30~50 Wh/kg。	可实现300 W/kg，新型铅碳电池可提升至400 W/kg以上。	循环寿命通常在300~1200次，取决于使用方式(启动<动力<深循环≈储能)。	水面舰艇、潜艇、无人潜航器、海上航空飞机、两栖作战车辆、预置储能等。	①材料及制作成本低，易维护；②机械稳定性优异，安全性高；③脉冲功率适中，大电流深放电特性稳定。	①能量密度提升，特别是作为动力电池使用时；②海水环境中耐腐蚀性强化；③宽温域性能提升。
3	燃料电池	单体实际工作电压一般在0.5~0.9 V，通常串联为电堆。	与所用燃料相关，在100~600 Wh/kg区间。	单体电堆普遍超过2.5 kW/L，系统级则大于300 W/kg。	循环寿命通常大于3000小时，希望达到10000小时以上。	水面舰艇、潜艇、无人潜航器、无人机、海底基站等。	①能量转换效率高，燃料补充便捷；②可实现发供电一体，持续性强；③无自放电损耗。	①高性能低成本催化剂开发，以降低使用成本；②质子交换膜优化，以提升质子传导率，提升电池稳定性；③功率性能和系统的功率自适应调节能力提升。
4	银锌电池	单体为1.5 V。	当前一般为40~110 Wh/kg。	实际应用中通常在300~600 W/kg。	常规产品仅30~100次循环，优化后可达150~200 次。	导弹、鱼雷、设备应急电源、高端手持设备等。	①能量密度高，功率密度高；②冷启动瞬时电流大，放电曲线稳定；③抗震动与冲击能力强，低温性能优异；④自放电率低，长期储存稳定。	①提升循环寿命；②提升高低温性能，拓宽温域；③研发银替代材料。
5	铝氧化银电池	单体约为1.55 V。	当前能量密度已达到450~620 Wh/kg。	实际功率密度已达1200~1500 W/kg。	属一次电池，无循环能力。	导弹、鱼雷、设备应急电源、高端手持设备等。	①超高能量密度，极高脉冲功率密度；②稳定高电压平台③宽温工作范围，抗震动与冲击能力强；④低自放电率，高储存寿命，高安全性。	①可逆反应机制研究，探索有限循环能力；②进一步提升高低温性能，拓宽温域；③研发银替代材料。
6	核电	通过大型发电机输出10~20 kV电压，依赖超高压/特高压网络实现远距离大容量输送。	极高，如：铀完全裂变可释放出8.2×10¹³J/kg。	根据用途，不同设计的核反应堆功率密度在10~500 MW/m³。	属反应堆，可依靠裂变材料持续工作。	大型发电储能基站、水下预置基站等。	①极高能量密度，紧凑型高；②持续供电能力突出。	①废料处理及核材料防扩散；②耐高温材料、超导磁体等结构部件性能优化；③核堆的小型化。
7	海上可再生能源转换电源	从低压(0.9 V)到超高压(320 kV)不等，风力发电的中压输出(10~35 kV)是海上发电端主流等级。	理论上，海上机械能为10~64 kJ/m³，太阳辐射能为1000~1500 kWh/(m²·a)(年均辐照能量)，生物质能为15~20 MJ/kg。	海上机械能达0.51~15 kW/m²，海上光伏为80-120 W/m²，海洋生物质能仅0.1~0.5 W/m²。	属可再生能源，可依靠风、光、生物质、海水等材料持续发电。	海上储能基站供给源、移动作战设备燃料补给等。	①可持续利用；②环境友好；③地域分布均匀。	①能量捕获与转换效率需提高；②能量整合方式待进一步优化，并网稳定性需提升；③智能化、自动化设备维护方式需研发探索。

Table 1

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