Research progress in understanding of lithium storage behavior and reaction mechanism of electrode materials through in situ transmission electron microscopy
KE Chengzhi,1, XIAO Bensheng1, LI Miao1, LU Jingyu3, HE Yang4, ZHANG Li2, ZHANG Qiaobao,1
1.Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University
2.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
3.School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
4.Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Transport, reaction, and storage of Li ions in bulk electrode materials leads to the dynamic evolution of their electronic and crystal structures, microstructures, chemical compositions, and physical properties, which are the important determinants in the electrochemical performance of Li ion batteries. It is extremely important to understand the fundamental physical and chemical properties of electrode materials at a nanometer or even atomic scale to determine their microstructure, morphology, phase, and chemical composition during an electrochemical process. The structure-activity relationship between the electrode materials and macroscopic electrochemical performance of a battery must be considered. These require clear, precise, and advanced in situ characterizations. Among existing in situ characterization techniques, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most representative and important methods to conduct these experiments. Its unique advantages include ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution and real-time, dynamic monitoring of the structure, morphology, phase and interface evolution of the electrode materials under the given working conditions. It can precisely evaluate the microscopic dynamic evolution behavior and the reaction mechanism of electrode materials, providing a microscopic basis and innovative ideas for the construction and performance regulation of high-performance electrode materials. In this study, we summarize important progress on in situ TEM investigations of the dynamic evolution and failure mechanism of key electrode materials in Li ion batteries during charge/discharge. These investigations include various cathode materials and high specific capacity anode materials, especially their dynamic evolutions in microstructure, chemical composition, and phases during an electrochemical process. Moreover, the current limitations of in situ TEM and future directions of in situ TEM investigation of secondary batteries are discussed.
Keywords:electrode materials
;
lithium ion storage behavior
;
lithium ion storage mechanisms
;
in situ transmission electron microscopy
;
lithium ion batteries
KE Chengzhi. Research progress in understanding of lithium storage behavior and reaction mechanism of electrode materials through in situ transmission electron microscopy[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1219-1236
Fig. 1
(a) HAADF image of delithiated LiCoO2 cathode after coloring with GPA method, (b) and (c) are zoomed-in views of yellow, dashed-box area, (d) and (e) are zoomed-in images of pink, dashed-box area[37], (f) A HAADF-STEM image of a pristine thin film LCO piece, (g) A TEM image after lithiation acquired at a low magnification, (h)~(k) NBD patterns for different spots labeled in (g)[38]
Fig. 2
(a) Schematic diagram of in situ TEM setup with nanobattery, (b) A TEM image of FePO4 particle after its contact with Li/Li2O solid electrolyte, (c)~(i) Time-lapse TEM images of FePO4 particle during lithiation[42], (j)~(l) Microstructural evolution of a LFP nanowire during lithiation, (m)、(n) Magnified images of dotted red rectangle region in (j)、(k), respectively. Simulated TEM images of (o) LiFePO4 and (p) Li0.5FePO4[43]
Fig. 3
(a) Schematic of in situ TEM experimental setup; (b) low magnification HAADF-STEM images; (c),(d)HR-HAADF-STEM images of NMC before and after delithiation, respectively; (e) Phases extension and defects migration; (f)~(h) Magnified images of (c),(d)[44]
Fig. 4
(a) HAADF-STEM image of antiphase boundaries, (b)~(d) EELS spectrum of O, Mn, and Ni from (a), respectively, (e) HAADF-STEM image of migration-front area, (f)~(h) EELS spectrum of O, Mn, and Ni from (e), (i)~(k)ABF-STEM images of pristine and charged LNMO along [111], [110] and [100] direction, respectively[45]
Fig. 5
(a)~(l) Top-view SEM images of Si nanopillars along [100], [110] and [111] directions at different lithiation states; (m), (n) Statistical data of changes in cross-sectional dimensions and cross-sectional area along these three orientations[55]; (o), (p) Microstructural evolution of Si nanowire during lithiation; (q) 3D simulation plot of a progressively lithiated Si nanowire[56]
Fig. 6
(a)~(d) TEM images and corresponding electron diffraction patterns of a pristine silicon nanowire and a partially lithiated silicon nanowire; (e)~(g) Time-lapse images showing migration of ACI during lithiation; (h)~(j) TEM images and diagrams of lithiation process by lateral ledge flow in ACI and simultaneous peeling-off[57]
Fig. 7
(a)~(e) TEM images showing fast fracture of 620 nm Si nanoparticle during lithiation process. (f) Electron diffraction pattern of broken Si nanoparticle after lithiation, indicating formation of Li15Si4. (g)~(j) TEM images of a 80 nm Si nanoparticle without cracking during lithiation. (k) Statistics showing critical size of Si nanoparticles without cracking during lithiation process[58]
Fig. 8
(a) TEM image of a Cu/Si/Ge nanowire; (b) HRTEM image of Si/Ge bilayer and corresponding SAED pattern; (c) STEM image of Cu/Si/Ge nanowire and corresponding EDX spectra; (d), (e) Time-lapse TEM images of Cu/Si/Ge nanowire during lithiation; (f) Evolution of layer thickness in Si/Ge bilayer shell during lithiation[60]
Fig. 9
(a)~(f) Time-lapse TEM images of AMPSi@C electrode during lithiation. In situ TEM images of AMPSi@C (g) after 1st cycle, (h) after 2nd cycle, (i) after 3rd cycle and (j) after 4th cycle[65]
Fig. 10
(a)~(c) Time-lapse TEM images of a yolk@shell Fe2O3@C electrode during first lithiation process; TEM images acquired after first lithiation (d), and first delithiation (h); SAED patterns before lithiation (e), after first lithiation (f) and after first delithiation (g); TEM images after second lithiation (i), after second delithiation (j), after third lithiation (k) and after third delithiation (l)[73]
Fig. 11
(a)~(c) Time-resolved TEM images of a FeP@CNs electrode during lithiation. In situ TEM images and corresponding SAED patterns of pristine FeP@CNs electrode (d)~(g), after first lithiation [(e), (h)] and first delithiation [(f), (i)][74]
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... [37];(f) 原始LCO薄膜样品的HAADF-STEM图;(g) 嵌锂后的低倍TEM图;(h)~(k) 在(g)中标记不同点的NBD图[38](a) HAADF image of delithiated LiCoO2 cathode after coloring with GPA method, (b) and (c) are zoomed-in views of yellow, dashed-box area, (d) and (e) are zoomed-in images of pink, dashed-box area[37], (f) A HAADF-STEM image of a pristine thin film LCO piece, (g) A TEM image after lithiation acquired at a low magnification, (h)~(k) NBD patterns for different spots labeled in (g)[38]Fig. 1
... [37], (f) A HAADF-STEM image of a pristine thin film LCO piece, (g) A TEM image after lithiation acquired at a low magnification, (h)~(k) NBD patterns for different spots labeled in (g)[38]Fig. 1
(a) HAADF image of delithiated LiCoO2 cathode after coloring with GPA method, (b) and (c) are zoomed-in views of yellow, dashed-box area, (d) and (e) are zoomed-in images of pink, dashed-box area[37], (f) A HAADF-STEM image of a pristine thin film LCO piece, (g) A TEM image after lithiation acquired at a low magnification, (h)~(k) NBD patterns for different spots labeled in (g)[38]Fig. 1
... [42];(j)~(l)为LFP纳米线在嵌锂过程中的微观结构演变图;(m)、(n) 在(j)、(k)中红色虚线矩形图像的放大图;(o)和(p)为LFP和Li0.5FePO4的TEM模拟图[43](a) Schematic diagram of in situ TEM setup with nanobattery, (b) A TEM image of FePO4 particle after its contact with Li/Li2O solid electrolyte, (c)~(i) Time-lapse TEM images of FePO4 particle during lithiation[42], (j)~(l) Microstructural evolution of a LFP nanowire during lithiation, (m)、(n) Magnified images of dotted red rectangle region in (j)、(k), respectively. Simulated TEM images of (o) LiFePO4 and (p) Li0.5FePO4[43]Fig. 2
... [42], (j)~(l) Microstructural evolution of a LFP nanowire during lithiation, (m)、(n) Magnified images of dotted red rectangle region in (j)、(k), respectively. Simulated TEM images of (o) LiFePO4 and (p) Li0.5FePO4[43]Fig. 2
(a) Schematic diagram of in situ TEM setup with nanobattery, (b) A TEM image of FePO4 particle after its contact with Li/Li2O solid electrolyte, (c)~(i) Time-lapse TEM images of FePO4 particle during lithiation[42], (j)~(l) Microstructural evolution of a LFP nanowire during lithiation, (m)、(n) Magnified images of dotted red rectangle region in (j)、(k), respectively. Simulated TEM images of (o) LiFePO4 and (p) Li0.5FePO4[43]Fig. 2
... [44](a) Schematic of in situ TEM experimental setup; (b) low magnification HAADF-STEM images; (c),(d)HR-HAADF-STEM images of NMC before and after delithiation, respectively; (e) Phases extension and defects migration; (f)~(h) Magnified images of (c),(d)[44]Fig. 3
... [45](a) HAADF-STEM image of antiphase boundaries, (b)~(d) EELS spectrum of O, Mn, and Ni from (a), respectively, (e) HAADF-STEM image of migration-front area, (f)~(h) EELS spectrum of O, Mn, and Ni from (e), (i)~(k)ABF-STEM images of pristine and charged LNMO along [111], [110] and [100] direction, respectively[45]Fig. 42 锂离子电池负极材料的原位TEM研究
... [55];(o), (p) Si纳米线在锂化过程中微结构演变的TEM图;(q) 逐步锂化的Si纳米线的三维模拟图[56](a)~(l) Top-view SEM images of Si nanopillars along [100], [110] and [111] directions at different lithiation states; (m), (n) Statistical data of changes in cross-sectional dimensions and cross-sectional area along these three orientations[55]; (o), (p) Microstructural evolution of Si nanowire during lithiation; (q) 3D simulation plot of a progressively lithiated Si nanowire[56]Fig. 5
... [55]; (o), (p) Microstructural evolution of Si nanowire during lithiation; (q) 3D simulation plot of a progressively lithiated Si nanowire[56]Fig. 5
... [56](a)~(l) Top-view SEM images of Si nanopillars along [100], [110] and [111] directions at different lithiation states; (m), (n) Statistical data of changes in cross-sectional dimensions and cross-sectional area along these three orientations[55]; (o), (p) Microstructural evolution of Si nanowire during lithiation; (q) 3D simulation plot of a progressively lithiated Si nanowire[56]Fig. 5
... [57](a)~(d) TEM images and corresponding electron diffraction patterns of a pristine silicon nanowire and a partially lithiated silicon nanowire; (e)~(g) Time-lapse images showing migration of ACI during lithiation; (h)~(j) TEM images and diagrams of lithiation process by lateral ledge flow in ACI and simultaneous peeling-off[57]Fig. 6
... [58](a)~(e) TEM images showing fast fracture of 620 nm Si nanoparticle during lithiation process. (f) Electron diffraction pattern of broken Si nanoparticle after lithiation, indicating formation of Li15Si4. (g)~(j) TEM images of a 80 nm Si nanoparticle without cracking during lithiation. (k) Statistics showing critical size of Si nanoparticles without cracking during lithiation process[58]Fig. 7
... [60](a) TEM image of a Cu/Si/Ge nanowire; (b) HRTEM image of Si/Ge bilayer and corresponding SAED pattern; (c) STEM image of Cu/Si/Ge nanowire and corresponding EDX spectra; (d), (e) Time-lapse TEM images of Cu/Si/Ge nanowire during lithiation; (f) Evolution of layer thickness in Si/Ge bilayer shell during lithiation[60]Fig. 8
... [65](a)~(f) Time-lapse TEM images of AMPSi@C electrode during lithiation. In situ TEM images of AMPSi@C (g) after 1st cycle, (h) after 2nd cycle, (i) after 3rd cycle and (j) after 4th cycle[65]Fig. 9
... [73](a)~(c) Time-lapse TEM images of a yolk@shell Fe2O3@C electrode during first lithiation process; TEM images acquired after first lithiation (d), and first delithiation (h); SAED patterns before lithiation (e), after first lithiation (f) and after first delithiation (g); TEM images after second lithiation (i), after second delithiation (j), after third lithiation (k) and after third delithiation (l)[73]Fig. 10
... [74](a)~(c) Time-resolved TEM images of a FeP@CNs electrode during lithiation. In situ TEM images and corresponding SAED patterns of pristine FeP@CNs electrode (d)~(g), after first lithiation [(e), (h)] and first delithiation [(f), (i)][74]Fig. 11