Sieving carbons for sodium-ion batteries: Origin and progress
ZHANG Jun,1,2,3, LI Qi2,3, TAO Ying2,3, YANG Quanhong,1,2,3
1.Tianjin University-National University of Singapore Joint Institute in Fuzhou, Fuzhou 350207, Fujian, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
3.Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are widely recognized as the best supplement to lithium-ion batteries in the field of large-scale energy storage applications. Hard carbons are the most practical anode materials for SIBs. However, the controversial sodium storage mechanism associated with the low-potential plateau and unknown structure-performance relationship of hard carbon anodes severely limits the commercialization of SIBs. This study summarizes the research progress and key challenges of different carbon anodes in SIBs and introduces the critical structural features of designing the ideal carbon anode. Then, inspired by our previous work on commercial carbon molecular sieves, we propose the ideal carbon model called "sieving carbons" The unique pore structure of sieving carbons, which we describe as a small pore mouth with a large pore stomach, and its impact on the sodium storage mechanism and properties are discussed in detail. Finally, the rational design principles for sieving carbon anodes with reversible and extensible low-voltage plateaus are discussed, as well as the opportunity and challenge of sieving carbons in promoting the commercialization of SIBs.
Fig. 1
(a) Typical X-ray diffraction patterns; (b) Schematic of representative microstructures; (c) Charge-discharge curves at second cycle in sodium half cell of graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)[12]
Fig. 2
(a) Typical charge curves of hard carbon anodes carbonized at different temperatures[27]; (b) The relationship between the capacity from LPP and specific surface area obtained by N2 adsorption
Fig. 3
(a) Schematic of carbon molecular sieve for N2/O2 separation; (b) Charge-discharge curves at first cycle of graphite, activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve; (c) SAXS patterns of porous carbon (PC) and (d) sieving carbon (SC) anodes before and after (dashed line) five full cycles at a current density of 50 mA/g. Inset: the relative location of the SEI to the nanopores. The SEI is a green irregular shape with yellow solid circles (sodium ions) inside[26]
Fig. 4
Characterizing the sodium storage mechanism of SC (a) 23Na MAS ssNMR spectra of SC anodes at various states of charge in the first cycle. The spinning sideband is labeled with an asterisk (❋); (b) Operando Raman spectra of SC anodes during the first charge/discharge at a current density of 50 mA/g[26]
Fig. 5
Analysis of the local environment of stored sodium in SC using a smooth overlap of atomic positions kernel, as a structural similarity initially used for Gaussian approximation potential fitting. The most similar points are aggregated together with similar colors[26]
Fig. 6
Rational design principles for sieving carbon anodes. (a) Relationship between the pore diameter, quasi-metallic Na peak shift and sample pyrolysis temperature[27]; (b) Ex-situ23Na 55 kHz ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the 10th discharge at 50 mA/g (solid curves). The dashed curves are the corresponding ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the first discharge[26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]
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... [12](a) Typical X-ray diffraction patterns; (b) Schematic of representative microstructures; (c) Charge-discharge curves at second cycle in sodium half cell of graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)[12]Fig. 1
(a) Schematic of carbon molecular sieve for N2/O2 separation; (b) Charge-discharge curves at first cycle of graphite, activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve; (c) SAXS patterns of porous carbon (PC) and (d) sieving carbon (SC) anodes before and after (dashed line) five full cycles at a current density of 50 mA/g. Inset: the relative location of the SEI to the nanopores. The SEI is a green irregular shape with yellow solid circles (sodium ions) inside[26]Fig. 3
... [26]Characterizing the sodium storage mechanism of SC (a) 23Na MAS ssNMR spectra of SC anodes at various states of charge in the first cycle. The spinning sideband is labeled with an asterisk (❋); (b) Operando Raman spectra of SC anodes during the first charge/discharge at a current density of 50 mA/g[26]Fig. 4
... [26]Analysis of the local environment of stored sodium in SC using a smooth overlap of atomic positions kernel, as a structural similarity initially used for Gaussian approximation potential fitting. The most similar points are aggregated together with similar colors[26]Fig. 52.2 筛分型碳的理性设计原则
... [26];(c) 硬碳负极平台容量、真密度和乙醇含量间的关系;(d) 平台容量与氮气吸附和小角X射线散射测得的比表面积间的关系[26]Rational design principles for sieving carbon anodes. (a) Relationship between the pore diameter, quasi-metallic Na peak shift and sample pyrolysis temperature[27]; (b) Ex-situ23Na 55 kHz ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the 10th discharge at 50 mA/g (solid curves). The dashed curves are the corresponding ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the first discharge[26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]Fig. 6
... [26]Rational design principles for sieving carbon anodes. (a) Relationship between the pore diameter, quasi-metallic Na peak shift and sample pyrolysis temperature[27]; (b) Ex-situ23Na 55 kHz ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the 10th discharge at 50 mA/g (solid curves). The dashed curves are the corresponding ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the first discharge[26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]Fig. 6
... [26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]Fig. 6
... [27];(b) 氮气吸脱附测得的比表面积与硬碳平台容量间的关系(代表性硬碳负极的结果总结)(a) Typical charge curves of hard carbon anodes carbonized at different temperatures[27]; (b) The relationship between the capacity from LPP and specific surface area obtained by N2 adsorptionFig. 2
... [27];(b) 筛分型碳负极的准原位固体核磁(实线:循环10圈后,再放电到0.005 V;虚线:未经循环,直接放电到0.005 V)[26];(c) 硬碳负极平台容量、真密度和乙醇含量间的关系;(d) 平台容量与氮气吸附和小角X射线散射测得的比表面积间的关系[26]Rational design principles for sieving carbon anodes. (a) Relationship between the pore diameter, quasi-metallic Na peak shift and sample pyrolysis temperature[27]; (b) Ex-situ23Na 55 kHz ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the 10th discharge at 50 mA/g (solid curves). The dashed curves are the corresponding ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the first discharge[26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]Fig. 6
... [27]; (b) Ex-situ23Na 55 kHz ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the 10th discharge at 50 mA/g (solid curves). The dashed curves are the corresponding ssNMR spectra of SCs at 0.005 V for the first discharge[26]; (c) Relationship among the plateau capacity (0.1-0 V), true density, and EtOH content; (d) Charge capacity from the low-potential plateau versus SSA obtained by SAXS and N2 adsorption for the SC anodes[26]Fig. 6