Motor-generators (MGs) for converting electric energy into kinetic energy are the key components of flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs). However, the compact diameters, high-power design features of MGs, and vacuum operating settings of FESSs cause the MG rotor's temperature to increase, leading typical cooling water jackets to fail in meeting the heat dissipation needs of high-power density MG rotors. This study expands upon the causes of and harm generated by the heat production of FESS MG rotors and analyzes the calculation methods for the rotor eddy current losses and MG temperature fields. Moreover, this work also presents research progress on the passive and active cooling of MG rotors. Note that passive cooling includes heat radiation and conduction, while active cooling include shollow shaft fluid and heat pipe cooling. The applicability of the methods provided in the FESS is evaluated. The heat buildup can be preventedup to a point. The temperature gradients inside MGs can also be lowered by improving the heat conduction of the insulation materials inside the stators and rotor sand enhancing thermal radiation. Heat pipes have a simple installation, high integration, and excellent heat transfer performance. Unfortunately, the heat transmission effects cannot be proven while the shafts spin. The hollow shaft fluid cooling technology has avery mature, straight forward design and construction and a good heat transfer effect; hence, it can be used as the first choice for the rotor cooling of MGs with high-power density flywheels. Finally, a fresh hollow shaft flow cooling system is put forth to solve the heat dissipation issue in MW FESS MG rotor cooling.
Keywords:flywheel energy storage system
;
motor/generator rotor
;
heat dissipation system
;
hollow shaft fluidcooling
;
heat pipe
JIAO Yuanyuan. Overview of the motor-generator rotor cooling system in a flywheel energy storage system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(10): 3131-3144
TAN X D, LIU J, XU Z C, et al. Power supply and demand balance during the 14th five-year plan period under the goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality[J]. Electric Power, 2021, 54(5): 1-6.
ZHANG J P, ZHOU Q, WANG D M, et al. Research on the development path of new power system under the target of "double carbon"[J]. IntegratedIntelligent Energy, 2021, 43(12): 46-51.
XIAO X Y, ZHENG Z X. New power systems dominated by renewable energy towards the goal of emission peak &carbon neutrality: Contribution, key techniques, and challenges[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2022, 54(1): 47-59.
WU H W, WANG J, GONG Y L, et al. Development status and application prospect analysis of energy storage technology[J]. Journal of Electric Power, 2021, 36(5): 434-443.
DAI X J, WEI K P, ZHANG X Z, et al. A review on flywheel energy storage technology in fifty years[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2018, 7(5): 765-782.
CHEN H S, LI H, MA W T, et al. Research progress of energy storage technology in China in 2021[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(3): 1052-1076.
CHOUDHURY S. Flywheel energy storage systems: A critical review on technologies, applications, and future prospects[J]. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2021, 31(9): doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.13024.
SU J Y, XU W, ZHANG Y S, et al. Design and analysis of high-speed permanent magnet machine with low rotor loss for flywheel energy storage system[C]//2020 23rd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). November 24-27, 2020, Hamamatsu, Japan. IEEE, 2020: 851-856.
DONG J N, HUANG Y K, JIN L, et al. Review on high speed permanent magnet machines including design and analysis technologies[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34(27): 4640-4653.
CHEN L, WANG L, LIN X P, et al. Analysis on research status of thermal management of flywheel energy storage system[J]. Sino-Global Energy, 2019, 24(2): 84-91.
TANG Y, SUN Y L, GUO Z J, et al. Development status and perspective trend of motor cooling systems[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 32(10): 1135-1150.
ZHANG F G, DU G H, WANG T Y, et al. Review on development and design of high speed machines[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(7): 1-18.
GERADA D, MEBARKI A, BROWN N L, et al. Design aspects of high-speed high-power-density laminated-rotor induction machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011, 58(9): 4039-4047.
RUOHO S, KOLEHMAINEN J, IKAHEIMO J, et al. Interdependence of demagnetization, loading, and temperature rise in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2010, 46(3): 949-953.
SAHIN F, TUCKEY A M, VANDENPUT A J A. Design, development and testing of a high-speed axial-flux permanent-magnet machine[C]//ConferenceRecord of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat.No.01CH37248).September 30 - October 4, 2001, Chicago, IL, USA. IEEE, 2002: 1640-1647.
HUYNH C, ZHENG L P, MCMULLEN P. Thermal performance evaluation of a high-speed flywheel energy storage system[C]//IECON2007-33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.November 5-8, 2007, Taipei, China. IEEE, 2008: 163-168.
TONG W M, HOU M J, SUN L, et al. Analytical method of rotor eddy current loss for high-speed surface-mounted permanent magnet motor with rotor retaining sleeve[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(16): 4047-4059.
TONG W M, HOU M J, LU J W, et al. Analytical model of rotor eddy current loss ofsheathedhigh-speed permanent magnet motor consideringeddycurrent reaction based on loadmagnetic field[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(24): 9072-9084.
ZHUO L, SUN L, SHI D L, et al. Semi-analytical model and experimental verification of eddy current loss of rotor of high temperature and high speed permanent magnet motorconsidering temperature change[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(24): 8305-8315.
SUN Q G, DENG Z Q, ZHANG Z M. Analytical calculation of rotor eddy current losses in high speed permanent magnet machines accounting for influence of slot opening[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2018, 33(9): 1994-2004.
XING Z Z, WANG X H, ZHAO W L, et al. Calculation of electromagnetic force waves and analysis of stator vibration characteristics of surface mount permanent magnet synchronous motor[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(14): 5004-5013.
ZHENG J Q, ZHAO W X, JI J H, et al. Review on design methods of low harmonics of fractional-slot concentrated-windings permanent-magnet machine[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(S1): 272-280.
LI L, LI W L, LI D, et al. Influence of sleeve thickness and various structures on eddy current losses of rotor parts and temperature field in surface mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor[J]. IET Electric Power Applications, 2018, 12(8): 1183-1191.
KULKARNI D P, RUPERTUS G, CHEN E. Experimental investigation of contact resistance for water cooled jacket for electric motors and generators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2012, 27(1): 204-210.
LI Y, FAN T, SUN W, et al. Experimental research on the oil cooling of the end winding of the motor[C]//2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). September 18-22, 2016, Milwaukee, WI, USA. IEEE, 2017: 1-4.
XIE Y Y, CHEN L K, WANG X D, et al. In-slot direct cooling design and optimization for electric machines[C]//2021 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC). May 17-20, 2021, Hartford, CT, USA. IEEE, 2021: 1-8.
CHONG Y C, STATON D, GAI Y H, et al. Review of advanced cooling systems of modern electric machines for EMobility application[C]//2021 IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD). April 8-9, 2021, Modena, Italy. IEEE, 2021: 149-154.
WANG C, ZHANG Z R, LIU Y. Optimization of rotor eddy-current loss and heat dissipation for high torque density hybrid excitation synchronous motor with magnetic shunting rotor[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(21): 7476-7486.
LEE K H, CHA H R, KIM Y B. Development of an interior permanent magnet motor through rotor cooling for electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 95: 348-356.
HAN X, CUI X, MA K, et al. Carbon nano-capsule coating for high-power LED thermal management[J]. Materials Research Innovations, 2015, 19(S5): 1112-1116.
MAO Q J, GAO Y, NAIRIMUDELE, et al. Effect of conductivity and radiation on heat dissipation performance of coating[C]//HANY. Chinese Materials Conference.Singapore: Springer, 2018: 749-757.
RUAN L, WANG J. Flywheel energy storage system easy todissipateheat and rotorvacuum temperature rise suppressionmethodthereof: CN114157090A[P]. 2022-03-08.
HEMMATI R, WU F, EL-REFAIE A. Survey of insulation systems in electrical machines[C]//2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC). May 12-15, 2019, San Diego, CA, USA. IEEE, 2019: 2069-2076.
KULAN M C, ŞAHIN S, BAKER N J. An overview of modern thermo-conductive materials for heat extraction in electrical machines[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 212114-212129.
WONG C P, BOLLAMPALLY R S. Thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer composites filled with ceramic particles for electronic packaging[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1999, 74(14): 3396-3403.
LI H D, KLONTZ K W, FERRELL V E, et al. Thermal models and electrical machine performance improvement using encapsulation material[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, 53(2): 1063-1069.
SEQUEIRA S, BENNION K, COUSINEAU J E, et al. Validation and parametric investigations using a lumped thermal parameter model of an internal permanent magnet motor[C]//Proceedings of ASME2020International Technical Conference and Exhibition onPackagingandIntegration of Electronicand Photonic Microsystems, October 27-29, 2020, Virtual, Online. 2020
NATEGH S, KRINGS A, WALLMARK O, et al. Evaluation of impregnation materials for thermal management of liquid-cooled electric machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2014, 61(11): 5956-5965.
PENROSE H W, WITTMUSS D. Evaluation of vacuum encapsulation systems for integral motors[C]//2011 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). June 5-8, 2011, Annapolis, MD, USA. IEEE, 2011: 180-183.
POPESCU M, STATON D A, BOGLIETTI A, et al. Modern heat extraction systems for power traction machines—areview[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, 52(3): 2167-2175.
WROBEL R, SIMPSON N, MELLOR P H, et al. Design of a brushless PM starter generator for low-cost manufacture and a high-aspect-ratio mechanical space envelope[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, 53(2): 1038-1048.
LIU C Y, ZHENG X Q, YIN M. The design of H level thermal-conductivity composite insulation structure for explosion-proof motor with high efficiency and low voltage[C]//2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). July 19-22, 2015, Sydney, NSW, Australia. IEEE, 2015: 624-627.
PECHÁNEK R, BOUZEK L. Analyzing of two types water cooling electric motors using computational fluid dynamics[C]//2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC).September 4-6, 2012, Novi Sad, Serbia. IEEE, 2013: LS2e.4-1.
GAI Y H, MA C W, XU Y M, et al. Numerical prediction and measurement of pressure drop and heat transfer in a water-cooled hollow-shaft rotor for a traction motor application[J]. IET Electric Power Applications, 2021, 15(4): 476-486.
GAI Y H, WIDMER J D, STEVEN A, et al. Numerical and experimental calculation of CHTC in an oil-based shaft cooling system for a high-speed high-power PMSM[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2020, 67(6): 4371-4380.
GAI Y H, CHONG Y C, ADAM H, et al. Thermal analysis of an oil-cooled shaft for a 30 000 r/Min automotive traction motor[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2020, 56(6): 6053-6061.
GAI Y H, KIMIABEIGI M, CHONG Y C, et al. Cooling of automotive traction motors: Schemes, examples, and computation methods[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2019, 66(3): 1681-1692.
GRONWALD P O, KERN T A. Traction motor cooling systems: A literature review and comparative study[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2021, 7(4): 2892-2913.
WANG H M, LIU X C, KANG M, et al. Oil injection cooling design for the IPMSM applied in electric vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2022, 8(3): 3427-3440.
DAI X J, ZHANG K, XU Y. Heat conducting oil cooling device in hollow shaft of motor rotor and flywheel energy storage motor: CN110198092A[P]. 2020-12-15..
PAN W L, YAN S Y, ZHANG T G, et al. Numerical analysis of heat transfer characteristics in a flywheel energy storage system using jet cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 224: 119881.
LI F J, GAO J M, SHI X J, et al. Experimental investigation of single loop thermosyphons utilized in motorized spindle shaft cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 134: 229-237.
JUNG S, LEE J, PARK B, et al. Double-evaporator thermosiphon for cooling 100 kWh class superconductor flywheel energy storage system bearings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2009, 19(3): 2103-2106.