In the context of carbon neutrality goals, large-scale, long-duration energy storage is crucial for developing modern power systems primarily based on renewable energy. Zinc-bromine flow batteries, known for their low cost and high energy density, hold great promise in energy storage. As a semi-deposited battery, the size of zinc deposition areal capacity considerably impacts both the energy storage duration of the battery and its economic viability. Herein, highly conductive bipolar plates were employed, and defect engineering was implemented on the surface of the negative electrode of the zinc-bromine flow battery. This optimization successfully enhanced the cell structure of the battery and negative electrode, resulting in the outstanding battery performance under high areal capacity conditions. Furthermore, through characterization and comparison using methods such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Galvanostatic charge-discharge testing, moderately oxidized graphite felt was identified as the optimal electrode material. When combined with the optimized cell structure, the moderately oxidized graphite felt achieved remarkable performance. At a current density of 20 mA/cm2 and an areal capacity of 120 mAh·cm-2, the battery demonstrated an impressive 94.26% Coulombic efficiency and 82.12% energy efficiency. Finally, this study elucidates the mechanism behind this optimization strategy. The optimized cell stack structure considerably improves the distribution of internal currents in the battery, especially under low areal capacity conditions. As the areal capacity increases, achieving flat and dense zinc deposition while preventing zinc dendrite formation necessitates the integration of zincophilic defect engineering on the negative electrode surface. By integrating the optimized cell stack structure with the negative electrode material, exceptional battery performance is realized under high areal capacity conditions. This study provides robust support for the future application of zinc-bromine flow batteries as long-duration energy storage devices.
Keywords:zinc-bromine flow batteries
;
high areal capacity
;
homogenous current distribution
;
battery structure
;
defect engineering
SUN Xiaoyun. Design and optimization of cell structure and negative electrode materials for high areal capacity zinc-bromine flow batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 370-380
为获得具有最高催化活性的负极电极,借助传统三电极体系和PAR VersaSTAT MC电化学工作站进行了循环伏安测试。在实验中,分别使用石墨棒和饱和甘汞电极作为对电极和参比电极,而不同氧化程度的石墨毡则作为工作电极。CV测试在0.05 mol/L ZnBr2 +0.016 mol/L MEP溶液中进行,以20 mV/s的扫描速率,在-0.4 V vs. SCE到-1.4 V vs. SCE范围内进行扫描。基于前期研究报道[26],选择微量MEP而非KCl,因为MEP+可以形成正静电屏蔽层,减少锌枝晶的形成以避免副反应。
Fig. 2
SEM images of HAESBP-01 at (a) low magnifications; (b) high magnifications; along with (c) PGF, (d) TGF3, (e) TGF5, (f) TGF7 at low magnifications; (g) Higher magnification of TGF5, and [(h) C and (i) O] corresponding EDS mapping of TGF5
Fig. 4
(a) XPS analysis for all the prepared samples; (b) Carbon and oxygen atomic concentration and the ratio of C and O, Content of (c) carbon and (d) oxygen functional groups for different samples; High-resolution C1s (e)—(h) and O1s (i)—(l) XPS spectrum of the GFs
Table 1
表1
表1GFs的原子浓度以及从高分辨率C1s和O1s谱图中获得的功能团的含量
Table 1 The atomic concentration of the GFs and content of functional groups in C1s and O1s spectra
Fig. 5
(a) CV test results of the GFs at the scan rate of 20mV/s; (b) Comparison of the peak currents and relative ratio; (c) Comparison of the peak potential separation (ΔEp) and NOP of Zn2+; (d) Nyquist plots of different electrodes under a polarization potential of -0.8 V vs. SCE (Upper-left corner: Equivalent circuit)
Fig. 6
(a) Voltage-capacity curves of the GFs, (b) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the GFs at 30 mA/cm2 and 120 mAh/cm2, (c) Comparing CE and VE curves of the GFs at various current densities under constant areal capacity, (d) The comparative diagram of CE and EE for PGF and TGF5 at various areal capacity, (e) CE and (f) VE plots of the cells as a function of the cycle number at various areal capacities and current density
Fig. 7
(a)—(c) show SEM images of zinc deposition on the surface of PGF after charging for 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min, respectively, with a charging current density of 20 mA/cm2, (d)—(f) present SEM images of zinc deposition on the surface of TGF5 under the same testing conditions
Fig. 8
The mechanism diagram of the optimized battery's negative electrode and structure that achieves stable zinc deposition at high areal capacity conditions
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... 为获得具有最高催化活性的负极电极,借助传统三电极体系和PAR VersaSTAT MC电化学工作站进行了循环伏安测试.在实验中,分别使用石墨棒和饱和甘汞电极作为对电极和参比电极,而不同氧化程度的石墨毡则作为工作电极.CV测试在0.05 mol/L ZnBr2 +0.016 mol/L MEP溶液中进行,以20 mV/s的扫描速率,在-0.4 V vs. SCE到-1.4 V vs. SCE范围内进行扫描.基于前期研究报道[26],选择微量MEP而非KCl,因为MEP+可以形成正静电屏蔽层,减少锌枝晶的形成以避免副反应. ...