大规模地下储氢技术研究展望

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0297

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着传统化石能源消耗和环境污染问题日益凸显，能源行业一直在寻找可再生能源来满足绿色消费需求。氢能是一种来源丰富、绿色低碳、应用广泛的二次能源，正逐步成为能源转型的重要载体之一。为了落实能源需求变革，氢能的安全高效存储尤为重要。地下储氢技术由于其储氢规模大、综合成本低而受到了广泛关注。本工作分析了世界地下储氢项目概况和研究进展，结果表明盐穴储气密封性好、结构稳定、操作灵活的优点，是目前大规模地下储氢最有前景的选择。从氢气的特点出发，综合阐述了在工程实施中氢气的注采对井况和地下环境造成金属腐蚀、橡胶失效、水泥降解、氢气泄漏等问题，为国内发展盐穴储氢技术研究提供借鉴。进一步结合中盐金坛盐穴综合利用的经验以及江苏地区的地域特点，探索盐穴储氢的技术路线的可能性。该路线通过将水电解制氢技术、盐穴储氢技术及天然气管道掺氢技术相结合，解决“制、储、运”的关键问题，为中国实现“双碳”目标提供思路。盐穴储氢具有能源电力消纳、电网削峰填谷、跨季节存储、平衡氢能供需以及低成本等优势，这对于可再生能源发电剩余电量的大规模存储、绿色清洁氢能源的使用与发展以及节能减排、发展低碳经济都具有十分重要的意义。

关键词: 氢能, 盐穴储氢, 地下存储, 低碳经济

Abstract:

The use of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy has caused several negative environmental effects, including global warming and air pollution. Despite having numerous benefits, the storage of hydrogen is a serious issue, as a potential non-carbon-based energy resource, which can replace fossil fuels. It is extensively employed, clean and safe. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) appears to be a crucial means of a large-scale and long-term energy storage solution. This research analysis underground hydrogen storage projects around the world. The salt cavern has the benefits of good sealing, a stable structure, and easy engineering application when combined with research. This demonstrates that the salt cavern is one of the most promising options for UHS. With a feasible and economical solution for fulfilling the large-scale UHS in the Jintan salt mine being proposed in this study, also introduced are the difficulties associated with underground hydrogen storage. Mechanisms that can compromise well integrity and generate leaks include microbial corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, cement degradation, elastomer failure, caprock sealing failure, and hydrogen leakage. The difference between supply and demand is reduced by storing the energy converted into hydrogen. The key issues of "production, storage, and transportation of hydrogen" could be solved. This is of great significance for the large-scale storage of renewable energy, the use of green hydrogen sources, and the development of a low-carbon economy.

Key words: hydrogen energy, salt cavern hydrogen storage, underground storage, low-carbon economy

中图分类号:

TE 822

陆佳敏, 徐俊辉, 王卫东, 王浩, 徐孜俊, 陈留平. 大规模地下储氢技术研究展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(11): 3699-3707.

Jiamin LU, Junhui XU, Weidong WANG, Hao WANG, Zijun XU, Liuping CHEN. Development of large-scale underground hydrogen storage technology[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(11): 3699-3707.

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性质	氢气	甲烷
分子质量	2.016	16.043
密度(25 ℃，101.325 kPa)	0.082 kg/m³	0.657 kg/m³
黏度(25 ℃，101.325 kPa)	0.89×10^-5 Pa·s	1.1×10^-5 Pa·s
水中溶解度(25 ℃，101.325 kPa)	7.9×10^-4 mol/kg	1.4×10^-3 mol/kg
标准沸点/℃	-253	-165
临界压力	1.3×10⁶ Pa	4639.67 kPa
临界温度/℃	-239.95	-82.3
热值/(kJ/g)	120～142	50.2～55.5 kJ/g
水中扩散速率(25 ℃)	5.13×10^-9 m²/s	1.85×10^-9 m²/s

工程名称(地区)	存储类型	氢气/%	运行条件	深度/m	体积/m³	状态
Teesside(英国)	盐层	95	45 MPa	365	210000	运行
Clemens(美国)	盐丘	95	7～13.7 MPa	1000	580000	运行
Moss Bluff(美国)	盐丘	—	5.5～15.2 MPa	1200	566000	运行
Spindletop(美国)	盐丘	95	6.8～20.2 MPa	1340	906000	运行
Kiel(德国)	盐穴	60	8～10 MPa		32000	关闭
Ketzin(德国)	蓄水层	62	—	200～250	—	与天然气混合
Beynes(法国)	蓄水层	50	—	430	3.3×10⁸	与天然气混合
Lobodice(捷克)	蓄水层	50	9 MPa/34 ℃	430	—	运行
Diadema(阿根廷)	枯竭气藏	10	1 MPa/50 ℃	600	—	—
Underground Sun Storage(澳大利亚)	枯竭气藏	10	7.8 MPa/40 ℃	1000	—	运行

江苏地区	用电总量 /GWh	水资源总量 /亿立方米	风能产量 /GWh	长输管道 /条	盐矿名称	盐矿规模
南京市	632.9	41.5	212.2	21	—
无锡市	759.5	37.3	94.6	20	—
徐州市	365.0	47.5	290.0	19	丰县师寨盐矿	东西10.7 km，南北6 km，其分布范围约64 km²，含储量约220亿吨
南通市	477.3	41.0	62893.3	20	—
苏州市	1523.3	58.1	7651.4	51	—
连云港市	194.1	40.7	8796.0	8	—
淮安市	193.8	48.8	1613.1	7	淮安盐矿	保有资源储量121.40 亿吨，储量丰富、品质优良、矿床厚
盐城市	358.2	76.5	5503.8	13	—
扬州市	264.7	28.5	452.5	17	—
镇江市	267.1	17.8	118.5	14	—
常州市	522.6	32.0	1805.1	26	金坛盐矿	60.5平方千米内岩盐储量为162.42亿吨
泰州市	306.9	25.6	11490.6	18	—
宿迁市	222.5	41.5	310.3	12	—
市域输气干线				241

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