基于高质量专利的储能关键技术国际竞争态势

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0380

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储能技术是构建全球能源互联网的关键技术，高质量专利作为技术领域核心竞争力的表征，深入分析和掌握其国际竞争态势是十分必要的。针对颠覆因子识别高质量专利存在的缺陷和不足，结合储能技术的特点，构建了改进的颠覆因子I-D模型并识别出物理储能、电场磁储能、电化学储能和相变储能4项关键领域的高质量专利，进而分析了储能技术的技术活跃度、技术影响力和市场布局。结果显示：高质量专利可以通过改进的颠覆因子I-D模型进行有效识别。国际储能技术整体上升趋势平稳，各关键领域均处于技术生命周期的发展阶段，各个国家的高水平储能技术均由企业主导，我国高校和科研院所的研发活跃度表现突出，国际储能技术的知识流动呈现多元化、均衡化态势。我国凭借较高的研发活跃度成为储能技术领域持有高质量专利最多的国家，拥有高居国际前列的研发参与度、较高的本土专利市场主导权，但同时存在企业梯队建设水平相对不高、多数关键领域技术影响力较弱、对发达国家知识要素过度依赖、国内外市场布局失衡等问题。基于上述发现，提出了我国储能技术高质量发展需要强化产学研协同、强化科技自立自强以及提升国际战略思维的对策建议。

关键词: 储能技术, 高质量专利, 技术活跃度, 技术影响力, 市场布局

Abstract:

Energy storage technologies are crucial to build Global Energy Interconnection, where high-quality patents can characterize the core competitiveness of all parties, and it is necessary to analyze and grasp the international competition situation deeply. Given the deficiency of identifying high-quality patents using disruption index (D-index) and combining the technical features of energy storage technology, the improved disruption index model (I-D model) is designed to identify the high-quality patents in four key technospheres, i.e., physical, electrochemical, electromagnetic, and phase change energy storage technology. This study then analyzes the technical activity, technical impact, and market layout of energy storage technologies. The results show that the I-D model can scientifically and effectively identify high-quality patents. The overall international energy storage technology shows a steady upward trend, and each essential technosphere is at the development stage of the technology life cycle. Enterprises dominate high-level energy storage technologies in each country, and Chinese universities and research institutes show outstanding technical activity. Thus, the international knowledge flow of energy storage technology presents a diversified and balanced situation. China currently holds the largest number of high-quality patents and considerable local market dominance in the energy storage technosphere owing to its high-level technical activity but faces problems, such as low level of enterprise echelon construction, weak technological influence in most key technospheres, excessive dependence on knowledge elements of developed countries, and imbalance of international market layout. Based on these findings, this study suggests a high-quality development of energy storage technology in China, such as strengthening industry-university-research collaboration, striving for scientific and technological self-reliance, and cultivating international strategic thinking.

Key words: energy storage technology, high-quality patents, technical activity, technical impact, market layout

中图分类号:

F 204

张子岩, 张俊艳. 基于高质量专利的储能关键技术国际竞争态势[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 321-334.

Ziyan ZHANG, Junyan ZHANG. International competition of key energy storage technologies based on high-quality patents[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 321-334.

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技术领域	检索式
物理储能	TIABC=(kinetic or flywheel* or fly technolog* or pumped hydro storage or compressed air or CAES) AND IPC=(F OR G) AND Ti=(power storor energy stor or energy-storing) NOT PT=(3) NOT IPC=(A OR D OR E)
电磁场储能	TIABC=(superconducting magnetic* or double-layered capacitor* or uper capacitor* or Super capacitor or Ultra capacitor or "HEDM" or high density capacitor) and IPC=(H) AND Ti=(power stor or energy stor* or energy-storing) NOT PT=(3) NOT IPC=(A OR D OR E)
电化学储能	TIABC=(electrochemical OR "Lithium-ion" OR Lithium sulphur OR "Li-ion" OR Sodium sulphur OR "NaS" OR "Zebra" OR "Na-NiCl2" OR nickel cadmium OR "Nicd" OR nickel metal hydride OR "Ni-MeH" OR lead acid OR "Pb-acid" OR "Zinc-Air" OR flow OR vanadium redox OR "VRB" OR polysulphide bromide OR "PSB" OR zinc bromide OR "ZnBr" OR cerium zinc OR "CeZn" OR Redox flow OR Secondary OR Rechargeable flow OR metal air OR fuel OR hydrogen OR hydraulic OR graphene) AND (cell* OR batter) and IPC=(H) AND Ti=(power stor or energy stor* or energy-storing) NOT PT=(3) NOT IPC=(A OR D OR E)
相变储能	TIABC=(latent thermal OR "LTES" OR electric thermal OR ice thermal OR phase change OR phase trans* OR molten salt) AND IPC=(F OR H) AND IPC-MAIN=(F) AND Ti=(power stor* or energy stor* or energy-storing) NOT PT=(3) NOT IPC=(A OR D OR E)

技术领域	专利总数	高质量专利数	企业专利	高校及科研院所专利	个人专利
物理储能	3472	1046	496	268	356
电磁场储能	2557	775	474	304	106
电化学储能	10814	3272	2618	465	602
相变储能	4179	1314	721	336	397

关键技术	分析视角	参数b	参数lna	修正拟合优度	成长阶段
物理储能	专利公开量	1.142	0.008	0.813	发展期
物理储能	申请人数量	1.15	0.007	0.809	发展期
电磁场储能	专利公开量	1.09	0.513	0.815	发展期
电磁场储能	申请人数量	1.076	0.644	0.852	发展期
电化学储能	专利公开量	1.032	2.032	0.845	发展期
电化学储能	申请人数量	1.032	1.882	0.882	发展期
相变储能	专利公开量	1.164	0.010	0.839	发展期
相变储能	申请人数量	1.159	0.011	0.863	发展期

技术领域	国家	企业专利	高校及科研院所专利	企业数	高校科研院所数	企业梯队指数
物理储能	美国	149	10	83	7	0.324
	中国	164	244	77	55	0.113
	德国	79	0	41	0	0.16
	日本	55	4	18	3	0.135
	英国	14	0	12	0	1.809
电场储能	美国	69	16	48	10	0.676
	中国	307	263	152	92	0.084
	德国	23	1	14	1	0.959
	日本	30	7	16	5	1.033
	英国	3	1	3	1	—
电化学储能	美国	456	60	209	38	0.188
	中国	658	325	319	109	0.08
	德国	369	17	79	9	0.066
	日本	957	14	126	10	0.058
	英国	20	3	19	2	3.182
相变储能	美国	113	16	164	15	0.754
	中国	421	286	490	92	0.278
	德国	61	5	75	4	0.36
	日本	45	1	23	1	0.159
	英国	18	3	20	3	1.309

技术领域	时间区间/年	主体数	知识流量	聚类系数	平均路径长度	小世界商	社区数
物理储能	1965—1981	32	1211	0.476	1.6	9.674	3
	1982—2003	39	3374	0.44	1.824	8.777	3
	2004—2020	42	9070	0.534	1.769	5.088	4
电场储能	1980—1994	14	684	0.218	1.538	1.453	1
	1995—2006	18	3018	0.489	1.791	2.268	4
	2007—2020	33	5431	0.507	1.714	3.992	3
电化学储能	1964—1982	26	692	0.375	1.653	4.869	2
	1983—2001	36	5814	0.522	1.649	7.712	3
	2002—2020	44	38665	0.619	1.793	4.05	3
相变储能	1965—1982	32	1284	0.472	1.54	8.867	2
	1983—2002	31	1705	0.446	2.1	6.652	4
	2003—2020	42	7445	0.543	1.876	3.749	4