电动汽车全生命周期碳排放

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0618

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

汽车全生命周期的碳排放规律是研究汽车碳减排路径的必要条件。为获得电动汽车全生命周期碳排放规律，利用碳排放因子法建立了从材料获取到整车生产，再到使用、回收再利用的碳排放计算模型。以比亚迪E6汽车为例，依据2021年电力结构数据对其全生命周期碳排放计算，从生命周期的不同阶段、整车组成部件和材料的角度分析了碳排放特点，并分析了动力电池回收再利用技术和电力结构的碳减排潜力。结果显示：使用阶段碳排放占比最高，达到88.4%，其次是材料获取阶段，碳排放占7.8%，回收再利用阶段碳排放为负值，产生正效益；能有效回收再利用的核减碳排放量，核减量占总碳排放量22.1%，动力电池采用梯次利用技术再利用率最高，使动力电池在材料获取阶段碳排放占比下降到7.3%；碳排放量占比最大部件为车身，碳排放量占比最大材料为塑料；当电力结构中清洁能源占比达到67.5%，单车碳排放量是2021年排放量的54.6%；当电力结构中清洁能源占比达到96%，单车碳排放量是2021年排放量的20.3%。研究结果为我国汽车碳减排政策制定和行业技术改进提供了科学依据。

关键词: 碳排放, 碳排放因子, 梯次利用, 回收再利用技术

Abstract:

To explore the method of reducing automobile carbon emissions, it is vital to understand the carbon emission law of automobiles over their whole life cycle. To obtain the carbon emission law of electric vehicles in the whole life cycle, a carbon emission calculation model from material acquisition to vehicle production, use, recycling, and reuse is established by using the carbon emission factor method. The carbon emission of a BYD E6 car, for instance, is calculated using data on power structures from 2021, and the characteristics of carbon emissions are examined from the perspectives of various life cycle stages, vehicle components, and materials, as well as the potential for carbon emission reduction offered by power battery recycling technology and power structure. The results demonstrate that: the proportion of carbon emissions in the use stage is the highest, reaching 88.4%, followed by the material acquisition stage, accounting for 7.8%, and the carbon emissions in the recycling and reuse stage are negative, leading to positive benefits; Recovery and reuse can effectively reduce carbon emissions, accounting for 22.1% of the total carbon emissions, The power battery adopting echelon utilization technology shows the highest reuse rate, which reduces the carbon emission proportion of the power battery to 7.3% at the material acquisition stage; When the proportion of clean energy in the power structure reaches 67.5%, the carbon emissions of the single vehicle will be 54.6% of the emissions in 2021; When the proportion of clean energy in the power structure reaches 96%, the carbon emissions of the single vehicle will be 20.3% of the emissions in 2021. The research findings give China's policy on reducing carbon emissions from cars and industry technology a scientific foundation.

Key words: carbon emission, carbon emission factor, echelon utilization, recycling technology

中图分类号:

X 828

康小平, 聂慧慧, 郜敏, 吴凤彪. 电动汽车全生命周期碳排放[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 976-984.

Xiaoping KANG, Huihui NIE, Min GAO, Fengbiao WU. Research on carbon emission of electric vehicle in its life cycle[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(3): 976-984.

图/表 15

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表1

表2

表3

图9

图10

图11

图12

参考文献 24

1	United Nations Environment Programme. Emissions gap report 2021[R/OL].Nairobi:United Nations Environment Programme,2021.[2021-10-27]. https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021.
2	新华社.中共中央国务院关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见[EB/OL].[2021-10-24].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-10/24/content_5644613.htm.
3	中国汽车工程学会. 节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0[M]. 第2版. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2021.
	China Society of Automotive Engineering. Technology roadmap for energy saving and new energy vehicles 2.0[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2021.
4	国务院办公厅.新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年) [EB/OL].[2020-11-02].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm.
5	TAGLIAFERRI C, EVANGELISTI S, ACCONCIA F,et al. Life cycle assessment of future electric and hybrid vehicles: A cradle-to-grave systems engineering approach[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2016, 112: 298-309.
6	STASINOPOULOS P, SHIWAKOTI N, MCDONALD S.Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electric and conventional vehicles in Australia[J/OL]. Proceedings of the 23rd World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems.2016[2020-01-02]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-electric-and-Stasinopoulos-Shiwakoti/252c23049cc6b3f246347f926ceb2fc48c9e8eb3.
7	欧训民, 张希良, 覃一宁, 等. 未来煤电驱动电动汽车的全生命周期分析[J]. 煤炭学报, 2010, 35(1): 169-172.
	OU X M, ZHANG X L, QIN Y N, et al. Life cycle analysis of electric vehicle charged by advanced technologies coal-power in future China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, 35(1): 169-172.
8	黄颖, 计军平, 马晓明. 基于EIO-LCA模型的纯电动轿车温室气体减排分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(5): 947-953.
	HUANG Y, JI J P, MA X M. Greenhouse gas emissions reduction from battery electric automobile: A study based on EIO-LCA model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012, 32(5): 947-953.
9	施晓清, 李笑诺, 杨建新. 低碳交通电动汽车碳减排潜力及其影响因素分析[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(1): 385-394.
	SHI X Q, LI X N, YANG J X. Research on carbon reduction potential of electric vehicles for low-carbon transportation and its influencing factors[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(1): 385-394.
10	王恩慈, 范松, 吴雪斌, 等. 基于GREET模型的新能源汽车污染排放特征分析[J]. 上海大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 23(5): 810-820.
	WANG E C, FAN S, WU X B, et al. GREET-based model for analyzing pollutant emissions characteristic of new energy vehicles[J]. Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Science Edition), 2017, 23(5): 810-820.
11	赵振家, 张鹏, 赵明楠, 等. 汽车制造过程的能耗及碳排放分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017, 27(S1): 186-190.
	ZHAO Z J, ZHANG P, ZHAO M N, et al. Analysis of energy consumption and carbon emission for automobile manufacturing process[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017, 27(S1): 186-190.
12	王长波, 张力小, 庞明月. 生命周期评价方法研究综述——兼论混合生命周期评价的发展与应用[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(7): 1232-1242.
	WANG C B, ZHANG L X, PANG M Y. A review on hybrid life cycle assessment: Development and application[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(7): 1232-1242.
13	刘凯辉.比亚迪E6纯电动汽车全生命周期评价[D].福州: 福建农林大学, 2014.
	LIU K H. Life cycle assessment of BYD E6 pure electric vehicle[D].Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2014.
14	中汽数据有限公司.中国汽车生命周期评价数据库CALCD- 2021[DB].天津:中汽数据有限公司,2021.
	China Automobile Data Co., Ltd. China automotive life cycle assessment database (CALCD—2021)[DB].Tianjin:China Automotive Life Cycle Assessment Database, 2021.
15	生态环境部环境规划院碳达峰碳中和研究中心.中国产品全生命周期温室气体排放系数集(2022)[M].北京:中国环境出版集团, 2022.
	Carbon Peak Carbon Neutralization Research Center.Greenhouse gas emission coefficient set for the whole life cycle of Chinese products(2022)[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Publishing Group, 2022.
16	张铁山, 陈小双. 汽车制造企业生产过程碳排放核算与策略[J]. 企业经济, 2014, 33(10): 17-21.
	ZHANG T S, CHEN X S. Accounting and strategy of carbon emission in production process of automobile manufacturing enterprises[J]. Enterprise Economy, 2014, 33(10): 17-21.
17	田文彪, 魏明, 尹娟, 等. 汽车制造企业能耗分析及节能新技术[J]. 节能, 2007, 26(11): 21-23, 2.
	TIAN W B, WEI M, YIN J, et al. Analysis of energy consumption in automotive manufacture industry and some new methods for energy conservation[J]. Energy Conservation, 2007, 26(11): 21-23, 2.
18	周亚兰, 龚本刚, 张孝琪. 汽车生产过程中能源消耗的碳排放计算与分析[J]. 巢湖学院学报, 2014, 16(3): 92-98.
	ZHOU Y L, GONG B G, ZHANG X Q. Calculation and analysis of the carbon emissions of energy consumption in the automobile manufacturing[J]. Journal of Chaohu College, 2014, 16(3): 92-98.
19	冯欣. UP新势力BYDE6[J].世界汽车, 2011(4): 68-71.
	FENG X. UP new force BYDE6[J]. World Auto, 2011(4): 68-71.
20	张轩瑜,罗辉辉,张李权,等.报废电动汽车拆解及分类回收利用关键技术研究[J].新型工业化, 2021,11(5): 62-64.
	ZHANG X Y, LUO H H, ZHANG L Q, et al.Research on key technologies of scrapped electric vehicle disassembly and classified recycling[J]. The Journal of New Industrialization, 2021,11(5): 62-64.
21	龙苏华, 魏长庆, 孙怀珍. 整车回收利用率影响因素研究[J]. 汽车零部件, 2015(1): 25-28.
	LONG S H, WEI C Q, SUN H Z. Study on the effective factors about the vehicle recycling[J]. Automobile Parts, 2015(1): 25-28.
22	宁淼, 王磊. 报废汽车实际再利用率和实际回收利用率计算研究[J]. 时代汽车, 2021(5): 149-152.
	NING M, WANG L. Research on calculation of actual reuse rate and actual recycling rate for end-of-life vehicle[J]. Auto Time, 2021(5): 149-152.
23	王琢璞. 新能源汽车动力电池回收利用潜力及生命周期评价[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2018.
	WANG Z P. Potential and life cycle assessment of recycling of power batteries for new energy vehicles[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2018.
24	全球能源互联网发展合作组织.中国2030年能源电力发展规划研究及2060年展望[R/OL].全球能源互联网发展合作组织.北京,2021[2022-01-03].https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20210319/1142777-1.shtml.
	Global Energy Internet Development Cooperation Organization.Research on China's 2030 energy and power development plan and outlook for 2060[R/OL]. Global Energy Internet Development Cooperation Organization.Beijing, 2021[2022-01-03]. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20210319/1142777-1.

名称	质量/kg	更换次数/次
轮胎	80	2
刹车液	1.07	2
润滑油	0.99	2
冷却液	8.48	2
玻璃清洗液体	3.22	2
制冷剂	1.98	2

名称^①	质量/kg	回收效率	耗能/(kg·m³/kg)		碳排放因子^②/[kg(CO₂)/kg]	材料获取碳排放因子^③/[kg(CO₂)/kg]
钢	1136.6	85%	天然气	0.0066	2.8	2.458
钢	1136.6	85%	电力	1.176	0.624	2.458
铁	32.2	80%	煤	0.313	1.87	2.05
铁	32.2	80%	电力	0.622	0.624	2.05
铝	112.54	85%	天然气	0.047	2.8	16.4
铝	112.54	85%	电力	0.2211	0.624	16.4
铜	55.54	90%	电力	2.65	0.624	4.1

[1]	耿晓倩, 徐玉杰, 黄景坚, 凌浩恕, 张雪辉, 孙爽, 陈海生. 先进压缩空气储能系统全生命周期能耗及二氧化碳排放[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2971-2979.
[2]	武光华, 李宏胜, 李飞, 陈博, 张世科. 考虑时间相关性的电动汽车全生命周期碳排放量预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2206-2212.
[3]	李雄, 李培强. 梯次利用动力电池规模化应用经济性及经济边界分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 717-725.
[4]	熊亚林, 刘玮, 高鹏博, 董斌琦, 赵铭生. “双碳”目标下氢能在我国合成氨行业的需求与减碳路径[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(12): 4048-4058.
[5]	杜帮华, 张宇, 吴铁洲, 何衍林, 李子龙. 梯次利用锂离子电池等效模型参数在线辨识方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(1): 342-348.
[6]	解坤, 姜成龙, 吴亮璇, 常宏, 樊彬, 陈立铎, 温浩然. 基于退役电池梯次利用的源-储容量优化配置[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(S1): 23-30.
[7]	来小康. 关于动力电池梯次利用的一些思考[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(2): 598-602.
[8]	刘仕强, 王芳, 马天翼, 林春景, 白广利, 韦振, 陈立铎. 磷酸铁锂动力电池备电工况寿命试验研究及分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(2): 638-644.
[9]	李金东, 古月圆, 王路阳, 吴旭. 退役锂离子电池健康状态评估方法综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(5): 807-812.
[10]	范茂松, 金翼, 杨凯, 高飞, 李相俊, 来小康. 退役LiFePO₄电池性能测评及储能应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(2): 408-415.
[11]	吴小员, 王俊祥, 田维超, 左哲伦. 基于应用需求的退役电池梯次利用安全策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(6): 1094-1104.
[12]	曹星宇，侯国友，方明学，袁关锐，刘焯. 新能源与户用储能的发展对空气污染物的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2017, 6(S1): 56-.
[13]	刘坚. 电动汽车退役电池储能应用潜力及成本分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2017, 6(2): 243-249.
[14]	钟国彬, 周方方, 苏伟, 魏增福, 刘学武. 二次利用磷酸铁锂动力电池并联特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2015, 4(1): 78-82.