Research progress of sodium energy storage batteries using oxide solid-state electrolytes

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0424

Abstract

Abstract:

Large-scale energy storage is a pivotal part of the carbon neutrality and multi-energy complementation ecosystem, a bridge between clean energy and smart grid, and an important measure to ensure national energy security. The advanced secondary batteries are the key technology for large-scale energy storage. Sodium batteries based on oxide solid electrolytes (OSSBs), especially those with liquid metal sodium as the anode, are considered as one of the most promising and valuable grid-scale energy storage technologies owing to its high power density and abundant resources. However, there are still several shortcomings for OSSBs in terms of cycle stability, safety and cost, which prevent their practical applications. Importantly, strategies on how to effectively regulate the surface/interface electrochemical behavior of OSSBs and improve the energy storage performance while reducing the cost have become the focus of the current research. This review focuses on the research progress of OSSBs in recent years, mainly for the typical systems such as sodium-sulfur batteries and sodium-metal chloride batteries. We analyze the development of OSSBs from several key aspects, such as cost control, operating temperature reduction and application reliability optimization, and further propose the future prospects.

Key words: large-scale energy storage, high-temperature sodium battery, sodium-sulfur battery, sodium-metal chloride battery, Zebra battery

CLC Number:

TM 911

Jinzhi WANG, Xiaolei HAN, Chaofeng XU, Jingwen ZHAO, Yue TANG, Guanglei CUI. Research progress of sodium energy storage batteries using oxide solid-state electrolytes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2834-2846.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 2

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Table 3

References 57

1	LARCHER D, TARASCON J M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2015, 7(1): 19-29.
2	DUNN B, KAMATH H, TARASCON J M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices[J]. Science, 2011, 334(6058): 928-935.
3	HITTINGER E, CIEZ R E. Modeling costs and benefits of energy storage systems[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2020, 45: 445-469.
4	LIU J, BAO Z N, CUI Y, et al. Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries[J]. Nature Energy, 2019, 4(3): 180-186.
5	AL SHAQSI A Z, SOPIAN K, AL-HINAI A. Review of energy storage services, applications, limitations, and benefits[J]. Energy Reports, 2020, 6: 288-306.
6	彭林峰, 贾欢欢, 丁庆, 等. 基于无机钠离子导体的固态钠电池研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(5): 1370-1382.
	PENG L F, JIA H H, DING Q, et al. Research progress of solid-state sodium batteries using inorganic sodium ion conductors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(5): 1370-1382.
7	YUNG-FANG YU YAO, KUMMER J T. Ion exchange properties of and rates of ionic diffusion in beta-alumina[J]. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 1967, 29(9): 2453-2475.
8	HOU W R, GUO X W, SHEN X Y, et al. Solid electrolytes and interfaces in all-solid-state sodium batteries: Progress and perspective[J]. Nano Energy, 2018, 52: 279-291.
9	OSHIMA T, KAJITA M, OKUNO A. Development of sodium-sulfur batteries[J]. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2005, 1(3): 269-276.
10	CHEN G, LU J, ZHOU X, et al. Solid-state synthesis of high performance Na-β″-Al₂O₃ solid electrolyte doped with MgO[J]. Ceram Int, 2016, 42 (14): 16055-16062.
11	YI E, TEMECHE E, LAINE R M. Superionically conducting β"-Al₂O₃ thin films processed using flame synthesized nanopowders[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(26): 12411-12419.
12	LEE S T, LEE D H, KIM J S, et al. Influence of Fe and Ti addition on properties of Na⁺-β/β"-alumina solid electrolytes[J]. Metals and Materials International, 2017, 23(2): 246-253.
13	XU D, JIANG H, LI Y, et al. The mechanical and electrical properties of Nb₂O₅ doped Na-β″-Al₂O₃ solid electrolyte[J]. The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2016, 74(1): 10901.
14	HONG Y F, HUANG P, ZHU C F. Synthesis and characterization of NiO doped beta-Al₂O₃ solid electrolyte[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2016, 688: 746-751.
15	GOODENOUGH J B, HONG H Y P, KAFALAS J A. Fast Na⁺-ion transport in skeleton structures[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 1976, 11(2): 203-220.
16	ZHAO C L, LIU L L, QI X G, et al. Solid-state sodium batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(17): 1703012.
17	MA Q, GUIN M, NAQASH S, et al. Scandium-substituted Na₃Zr₂(SiO₄)₂(PO₄) prepared by a solution-assisted solid-state reaction method as sodium-ion conductors[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28 (13): 4821-4828.
18	SONG S, DUONG H M, KORSUNSKY A M, et al. A Na⁺ superionic conductor for room-temperature sodium batteries[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 1-10.
19	ZHANG Z, ZHANG Q, SHI J, et al. A self-forming composite electrolyte for solid-state sodium battery with ultralong cycle life[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7 (4): 1601196.
20	KHAKPOUR Z. Influence of M: Ce⁴⁺, Gd³⁺ and Yb³⁺ substituted Na₃₊ xZr₂ -xMxSi₂PO₁₂ solid NASICON electrolytes on sintering, microstructure and conductivity[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 196: 337-347.
21	YANG J, LIU G, AVDEEV M, et al. Ultrastable all-solid-state sodium rechargeable batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5 (9): 2835-2841.
22	LI C, LI R, LIU K N, et al. NaSICON: A promising solid electrolyte for solid-state sodium batteries[J]. Interdisciplinary Materials, 2022, 1(3): 396-416.
23	SHEN L, DENG S G, JIANG R R, et al. Flexible composite solid electrolyte with 80 wt% Na_3.4Zr_1.9Zn_0.1Si_2.2P_0.8O₁₂ for solid-state sodium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2022, 46: 175-181.
24	CAI S, TIAN H Q, LIU J H, et al. Tuning Na₃Hf₂Si₂PO₁₂ electrolyte surfaces by metal coating for high-rate and long cycle life solid-state sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(3): 1284-1289.
25	SESSA S D, PALONE F, NECCI A, et al. Sodium-nickel chloride battery experimental transient modelling for energy stationary storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2017, 9: 40-46.
26	胡英瑛, 吴相伟, 温兆银, 等. 储能钠电池技术发展的挑战与思考[J]. 中国工程科学, 2021, 23(5): 94-102.
	HU Y Y, WU X W, WEN Z Y, et al. Challenges and thoughts on the development of sodium battery technology for energy storage[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(5): 94-102.
27	李伟峰, 马素花, 沈晓冬, 等. 面向大规模电网储能的钠基电池研究进展[J]. 电源技术, 2015, 39(1): 213-216.
	LI W F, MA S H, SHEN X D, et al. Advances of sodium based batteries for large-scale energy storage of power grid[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 39(1): 213-216.
28	ANDRIOLLO M, BENATO R, DAMBONE SESSA S, et al. Energy intensive electrochemical storage in Italy: 34.8 MW sodium-sulphur secondary cells[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2016, 5: 146-155.
29	VISWANATHAN L, IKUMA Y, VIRKAR A V. Transfomation toughening of β"-alumina by incorporation of zirconia[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1983, 18(1): 109-113.
30	LIU L, MAEDA K, ONDA T, et al. Microstructure and improved mechanical properties of Al₂O₃/Ba-β-Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ composites with YSZ addition[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2018, 38(15): 5113-5121.
31	LIU L, MAEDA K, ONDA T, et al. Effect of YSZ with different Y₂O₃ contents on toughening behavior of Al₂O₃/Ba-‍β‍-Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ composites[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(14): 18037-18043.
32	LEE D H, LEE D G, LIM S K. Influence of MnO₂ and Ta₂O₅/YSZ addition on properties of Na⁺-‍β‍/β"‍-alumina solid electrolytes prepared by a synthesizing-cum-sintering process[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(17): 24743-24751.
33	ANSELL R. The chemical and electrochemical stability of beta-alumina[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1986, 21(2): 365-379.
34	HU Y Y, WEN Z Y, WU X W, et al. Low-cost shape-control synthesis of porous carbon film on β"-alumina ceramics for Na-based battery application[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 219: 1-8.
35	HU Y Y, WEN Z Y, WU X W, et al. Nickel nanowire network coating to alleviate interfacial polarization for Na-‍β‍ battery applications[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 240: 786-795.
36	CHANG H J, LU X C, BONNETT J F, et al. Decorating β''-alumina solid-state electrolytes with micron Pb spherical particles for improving Na wettability at lower temperatures[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(40): 19703-19711.
37	GUO X L, ZHANG L Y, DING Y, et al. Room-temperature liquid metal and alloy systems for energy storage applications[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, 12(9): 2605-2619.
38	LU X C, LI G S, KIM J Y, et al. Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium-beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage[J]. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 4578.
39	AHLBRECHT K, BUCHARSKY C, HOLZAPFEL M, et al. Investigation of the wetting behavior of Na and Na alloys on uncoated and coated Na-‍β"‍-alumina at temperatures below 150 ℃[J]. Ionics, 2017, 23(5): 1319-1327.
40	LI Y S, TANG Y F, LI X M, et al. In situ TEM studies of sodium polysulfides electrochemistry in high temperature Na-S nanobatteries[J]. Small, 2021, 17(23): e2100846.
41	杜晨阳. 钠硫电池集流体表面Cr₃C₂涂层的制备与高温性能研究[D]. 长沙: 长沙理工大学, 2020.DU C Y. Preparation and high temperature performance of Cr₃C₂ coating on the surface of sodium sulfur battery current collector[D]. Changsha: Changsha University of Science & Technology, 2020.
42	WERTH J, KLEIN I, WYLIE R. The sodium chloride battery[C]// Symposium on the energy storage. Electrochemical Society, 1976: 198-205.
43	BIRK J R, WERTH J. Sodium chloride battery development program for load leveling [R]. ESB Technology Center, 1975.
44	COETZER J. A new high energy density battery system[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1986, 18(4): 377-380.
45	ZHAN X W, LI M M, WELLER J M, et al. Recent progress in cathode materials for sodium-metal halide batteries[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(12): 3260.
46	郭朝有, 徐海, 吴雄学. 钠-氯化镍动力电池安全性能研究[J]. 电源技术, 2014, 38(7): 1259-1261.
	GUO C Y, XU H, WU X X. Research on safety performance of sodium-nickel chloride power battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 38(7): 1259-1261.
47	曹佳弟.电动汽车用ZEBRA(钠/氯化镍)电池发展现状[J].电池工业,1999, 4(6):221-225.
	CAO J D. Development of ZEBRA (Na/NiCl₂) battery for EV applications[J]. Battery Industry, 1999, 4(6):221-225.
48	GAO X P, HU Y Y, LI Y P, et al. High-rate and long-life intermediate-temperature Na-NiCl₂ battery with dual-functional Ni-carbon composite nanofiber network[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(22): 24767-24776.
49	LI Y P, WU X W, WANG J Y, et al. Ni-less cathode with 3D free-standing conductive network for planar Na-NiCl₂ batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 387: 124059.
50	胡英瑛, 王静宜, 吴相伟, 等. 管式ZEBRA电池的长循环性能与电压弛豫曲线的分析研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0256.
	HU Y Y, WANG J Y, WU X W, et al. Analysis of long cycle performance and voltage relaxation curves of tubular ZEBRA batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0256.
51	LI G S, LU X C, KIM J Y, et al. An advanced Na-FeCl₂ ZEBRA battery for stationary energy storage application[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(12): 1500357.
52	AHN C W, KIM M, HAHN B D, et al. Microstructure design of metal composite for active material in sodium nickel-iron chloride battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 329: 50-56.
53	ZHAN X W, BOWDEN M E, LU X C, et al. A low-cost durable Na-FeCl₂ battery with ultrahigh rate capability[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(10): 1903472.
54	LU X C, LI G S, KIM J Y, et al. A novel low-cost sodium-zinc chloride battery[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(6): 1837.
55	LEE Y, KIM H J, BYUN D J, et al. Electrochemically activated Na-ZnCl₂ battery using a carbon matrix in the cathode compartment[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 440: 227110.
56	LI G S, LU X C, COYLE C A, et al. Novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate-temperature sodium/nickel chloride batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 220: 193-198.
57	KIM J, JO S H, BHAVARAJU S, et al. Low temperature performance of sodium-nickel chloride batteries with NASICON solid electrolyte[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015, 759: 201-206.

类型	材料组成	离子电导率 /(S/cm)	参考文献
β/β″-Al₂O₃	β″-Al₂O₃	0.2~0.4 (300 ℃)	[8]
	β″-Al₂O₃ + 0.4% MgO	0.264 (400 ℃)	[10]
	β″-Al₂O₃ + 1% TiO₂ + 10% ZrO₂(质量分数)	0.2 (350 ℃)	[11]
	β″-Al₂O₃ + 1.5% Ti + 10% Fe(摩尔分数)	0.16 (350 ℃)	[12]
	β″-Al₂O₃ + 1% Nb₂O₅(质量分数)	0.153 (300 ℃)	[13]
	β″-Al₂O₃ + 0.25% NiO(质量分数)	0.066 (350 ℃)	[14]
NA-SICON	Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂	6.7×10^-4 (RT)	[16]
	Na_3.4Sc_0.4Zr_1.6Si₂PO₁₂	4×10^-3 (RT)	[17]
	Na_3.1Zr_1.95Mg_0.05Si₂PO₁₂	3.5×10^-3 (RT)	[18]
	Na_3.3Zr_1.7La_0.3Si₂PO₁₂	3.4×10^-3 (RT)	[19]
	Na₃Zr_1.9Yb_0.1Si₂PO₁₂	2.3×10^-3 (RT)	[20]
	Na₃Zr_1.9Zn_0.1Si_2.2P_0.8O₁₂	5.27×10^-3 (RT)	[21]

材料		工作温度下的状态	沸点
正极	NiCl₂	固态	2732 ℃
	NaCl	固态	1413 ℃
	Ni	固态	在973 ℃升华
负极	钠	液态	882 ℃
固态电解质	β"-Al₂O₃陶瓷	固态	>2000 ℃
熔盐电解液	NaAlCl₄	液态	在潮湿空气中分解

[1]	Yingying HU, Jingyi WANG, Xiangwei WU, Jianguo WEN, Zhaoyin WEN. Analysis of long cycle performance and voltage relaxation curves of tubular ZEBRA batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 3021-3027.
[2]	LIU Qinghua, ZHANG Sai, JIANG Mingzhe, WANG Qiushi, XING Xueqi, YANG Hong, HUANG Feng, LEMMON P John, MIAO Ping. Study on the low-cost flow battery technologies for energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(S1): 60-64.
[3]	AO Xin, WU Xiangwei, HU Yingying, WEN Zhaoyin . Influence of sulfur additive on the cycling performance of sodium-nickel chloride battery and its mechanism analysis#br# #br# [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2016, 5(3): 349-354.
[4]	HU Yingying, WEN Zhaoyin, RUI Kun, WU Xiangwei. State-of-the-art research and development status of sodium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2013, 2(2): 81-90.