Research status and development trend of compressed CO2 energy storage technology

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0710

Abstract

Abstract:

As a new type of compressed energy storage technology, compressed carbon dioxide(CO₂) energy storage has received widespread attention from the academic and business communities in recent years. This technology can meet the demand for large-scale, long-term energy storage in China and has good development prospects. In this regard, this study outlines the research status of this technology from two aspects: compressed CO₂ energy storage systems and CO₂ storage devices. The results of this study show that the existing compressed CO₂ energy storage systems can be mainly classified into five categories: energy storage systems with supercritical CO₂ in low-pressure and high-pressure tanks, systems with liquid CO₂ in a low-pressure tank and supercritical CO₂ in a high-pressure tank, systems with gas in the low-pressure tank and supercritical CO₂ in the high-pressure tank, systems with liquid CO₂ in the low-pressure and high-pressure tanks, and systems with gas in the low-pressure tank and liquid CO₂in the high-pressure tank. The existing theoretical researches mainly focus on the steady-state analysis of system performance. Few analyze the dynamic characteristics of the system under full operating conditions. Demonstrative projects mostly adopt an energy storage system with high-pressure, liquid-low-pressure atmospheric flexible storage. CO₂ storage devices mainly comprise underground saline aquifers, underground salt caverns, flexible gas storage sheds, adsorption gas storage beds, gas tanks, and liquid tanks. Among them, flexible gas storage sheds and gas/liquid tanks have been used in engineering applications. However, a gas storage shed has a large volume, and further research is required to understand the thermodynamic characteristics of CO₂ during charging/discharging processes. Along this line of research, future development trends of compressed CO₂ energy storage systems are stated. On the one hand, compressed CO₂ energy storage involves various forms of energy and can be coupled with external cold/heat sources and other thermodynamic systems to meet the demands of cold, heat, and electricity storage on the load side. Such coupling improves the overall system performance. However, organic working fluids can be mixed with CO₂ to solve the problems of dry ice formation and low system pressure ratio in low-pressure CO₂ liquid storage. Thus, high- and low-pressure liquid storage can be realized to increase the compressed energy storage density drastically.

Key words: compressed CO₂ energy storage, CO₂ storage device, multi-energy system, CO₂ mixture

CLC Number:

TK 115

Sumin GUAN, Shengyuan ZHONG, Hanchen LI, Ruochen DING, Wen SU, Xinxing LIN, Zhengyang TANG, Juan DU. Research status and development trend of compressed CO₂ energy storage technology[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(1): 240-254.

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类型	系统示例	优缺点
低压罐超临界/高压罐超临界S-CO₂/ S-CO₂		优点： √变容积等压储罐下储能密度大^[14]。缺点： √高低压储罐压力较高，且系统压比较低； √等容储罐下CO₂密度随压力变化较低，储罐体积大，储能密度小且有滑压损失
低压罐液态/高压罐超临界 L-CO₂/ S-CO₂		优点： √CO₂液态储罐压力及温度均在临界点以下； √等容液态储罐下CO₂呈气液两相，储能密度大^[15]。缺点： √等容高压罐下，CO₂充放前后密度差较小，储罐体积大且有滑压损失
低压罐气态/高压罐超临界 V-CO₂/ S-CO₂		优点： √低压气态储罐压力低于临界压力，系统压力较大，CO₂做功能力强^[16]； √变容积等压储罐下储能密度大。缺点： √等容储罐下储能密度小且有滑压损失
低压罐液态/高压罐液态 L-CO₂/ L-CO₂		优点： √等容液态储罐下CO₂呈气液两相，可极大提高储能密度^[17]。缺点： √高低压侧液态储罐压力与温度相关，为保证系统压比，低压罐温度低，可能导致结干冰
低压罐气态/高压罐液态 V-CO₂/ L-CO₂		优点： √系统压比高，且运行在临界压力以下； √等容高压液态储罐下CO₂呈气液两相，储能密度高。缺点： √低压气态下CO₂密度低，所需储气罐体积大^[18]

存储CO₂方式	装置示例	优缺点
地下咸水层		优点： √压力相对稳定，运行成本低。缺点： √依赖特殊地理条件，漏气不易监测，岩石层地质环境复杂，运行安全稳定性难以保障^[16,29]； √CO₂可溶于水，有效储气占比低^[16,29]
地下盐穴		优点： √投资成本及运行成本低。缺点： √体积固定，存在压力及温度波动，不利于旋转机械的稳定运行^[31]； √为防止盐穴垮塌，存储压力较高
柔性储气棚		优点： √压力相对稳定，可变容积，常压柔性材料成本低^[25]。缺点： √储能密度小，占用空间大，受限于材料一般用于低压端储气^[23]
吸附储气床		优点： √压力相对稳定，体积小，储能密度高^[33]。缺点： √吸附和解析的速度难以满足储释能发电需求； √一般用于低压端储气，装置及流程复杂，性能影响因素多^[33]
储气罐		优点： √存储压力高，布置灵活。缺点： √储能密度小，体积大，成本高； √储气压力及温度在较大范围内往复变化，存在疲劳失效的风险
储液罐		优点： √存储压力高，布置灵活； √气液两相存储，储能密度大，压力和温度往复变化的幅度较小^[25]。缺点： √为防止干冰的出现，实际工程压力应在1 MPa以上，导致低压侧压力较大

Research status and development trend of compressed CO₂ energy storage technology

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