The Research and Simulation Analysis of Swelling Force Characteristics in Energy Storage Battery Modules

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1210

Abstract

Abstract:

The swelling force characteristic is one of the important characteristics for studying the performance and safety of energy storage LiFePO₄ batteries, which is affected by the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. However,evolution and mechanisms of swelling force over the full life cycle of large-capacity LiFePO4 batteries are not well understood now. In this study, we investigate the variation of swelling force of 280Ah LiFePO₄ battery in a special fixture, which was assembled into modules with different string numbers, and we analyze the evolution of swelling force under the full-SOC and the full-life cycle. The results show that the swelling force changes with the SOC during a single cycle. Due to the structural characteristics of graphite and lithium iron phosphate materials, there were two swelling peaks during the charging process at approximately 30% SOC and 100% SOC, and two peaks during the discharging process at 100% SOC and 30% SOC. These peaks evolved differently as the battery degraded. The force at 100%SOC gradually changes from the maximum value to the minimum value, while at 30%SOC, the force gradually becomes the largest. In addition, after the SOH dropped to around 90%, the expansion force showed a linear correlation with SOH. The swelling force growth trend maintained as increase the series number, the maximum expansion force of the 1P12S module reached 2365 kgf when the SOH was 70%. Based on the measured data, the simulation analysis of the swelling force of the module indicates that the design of the module's main components can meet the structural safety performance requirements throughout its entire lifecycle. This work preliminarily explores the swelling force characteristics of LFP battery modules, which is conducive to providing reference for swelling force simulation at the module level. It provides support for the safe design and development of LFP battery modules in energy storage system.

Key words: LFP battery, swelling force, energy storage module, State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH)

CLC Number:

Huimin FAN, Haohong PENG, Hui MENG, Menghong TANG, Haohao YI, Jing DING, Jincheng LIU, Chengshan XU, Xuning FENG. The Research and Simulation Analysis of Swelling Force Characteristics in Energy Storage Battery Modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1210.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 3

Lattice spacing parameter of LFP and graphite material"

Phase	晶格间距（ $Å$ ）			体积变化率（%）
Graphite / /
C₆	3.355			0%
Stage IV/III	3.511			5.33%
Stage IIL	3.519			5.53%
Stage II	3.509			5.57%
Stage I	3.706			12.4%
LFP	a	b	c
FePO₄	5.79	9.82	4.79	0%
LiFePO₄	6.01	10.33	4.69	6.53%

Table 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 4

Fig. 7

References 22

1	肖先勇,郑子萱, "双碳"目标下新能源为主体的新型电力系统:贡献,关键技术与挑战[J].工程科学与技术, 2022, 54(1): 47-59.
	XIAO X Y, ZHENG Z X. New Power Systems Dominated by Renewable Energy Towards the Goal of Emission Peak & Carbon Neutrality: Contribution, Key Techniques, and Challenges [J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2022, 54(1): 47-59.
2	刘畅,卓建坤,赵东明,李水清,陈景硕,王金星,姚强,利用储能系统实现可再生能源微电网灵活安全运行的研究综述[J].中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(1): 18.
	LI C, ZHUO J K, ZHAO D M, LI SH Q, CHEN J S, WANG J X, YAO Q, A Review on the Utilization of Energy Storage System for the Flexible and Safe Operation of Renewable Energy Microgrids[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(1): 18.
3	潘新慧,陈人杰,吴锋,电化学储能技术发展研究[J].中国工程科学, 2023, 25(6): 11.
	PAN X H, CHEN R J, WU F, Development of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2023, 25(6): 11.
4	吴皓文,王军,龚迎莉,杨海瑞,张缦,黄中,储能技术发展现状及应用前景分析[J].电力学报, 2021, 36(5): 10.
	WU H W, WANG J, GONG Y L, YANG H R, ZHANG M,HUANG Z, Development Status and Application Prospect Analysis of Energy Storage Technology[J]. Journal of Electric Power, 2021, 36(5): 10.
5	盛军,付一民,俞会根,储能软包大模组结构稳定性[J].储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(2): 579-584.
	SHENG J,FU Y M, YU H G, Structure simulation of large soft pack module for energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 579-584.
6	梁浩斌,杜建华,郝鑫,杨世治,涂然,张认成,锂电池膨胀形成机制研究现状[J].储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(2): 647-657.
	LIANG H B, DU J H, HAO X, YANG S Z, TU R, ZHANG R C, A review of current research on the formation mechanism of lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology,2021, 10(2): 647-657.
7	金阳,薛志业,姜欣,吕娜伟,储能锂离子电站安全防护研究进展[J]. 郑州大学学报(理学版), 2023, 55(3): 1-13.
	JING Y, XUE Z Y, JIANG X, LV N W, Research Progress of Safety Protection of Lithium-ion Energy Storage Power Station[J]. Journal of Zhengzhou University(Natural Science Edition), 2023, 55(3): 1-13.
8	CHEN, S, X WEI, G ZHANG, X RUI, C XU, X FENG, H DAI,M OUYANG, Active and passive safety enhancement for batteries from force perspective[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 187: 113740.
9	CAI, T, A G STEFANOPOULOU,J B SIEGEL, Modeling Li-Ion Battery Temperature and Expansion Force during the Early Stages of Thermal Runaway Triggered by Internal Shorts[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(12): A2431.
10	LV, H, D KONG, P PING, G WANG, H ZHAO,X DAI, Anomaly detection of LiFePO4 pouch batteries expansion force under preload force[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2023, 176: 1-11.
11	LI, Y, C WEI, Y SHENG, F JIAO,K WU, Swelling Force in Lithium-Ion Power Batteries[J]. Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020, 59(27): 12313-12318.
12	ANDERSEN, H L, L DJUANDHI, U MITTAL,N SHARMA, Strategies for the Analysis of Graphite Electrode Function[J]. 2021, 11(48): 2102693.
13	BAUER, M, M WACHTLER, H STöWE, J V PERSSON,M A DANZER, Understanding the dilation and dilation relaxation behavior of graphite-based lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 317: 93-102.
14	CAI, W, Y-X YAO, G-L ZHU, C YAN, L-L JIANG, C HE, J-Q HUANG,Q ZHANG, A review on energy chemistry of fast-charging anodes[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(12): 3806-3833.
15	SCHWEIDLER, S, L DE BIASI, A SCHIELE, P HARTMANN, T BREZESINSKI,J JANEK, Volume Changes of Graphite Anodes Revisited: A Combined Operando X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Pressure Analysis Study[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122(16): 8829-8835.
16	WENG, S, S WU, Z LIU, G YANG, X LIU, X ZHANG, C ZHANG, Q LIU, Y HUANG, Y LI, M ATEŞ, D SU, L GU, H LI, L CHEN, R XIAO, Z WANG,X WANG, Localized‐domains staging structure and evolution in lithiated graphite[J]. Carbon Energy, 2022, 5.
17	SCHMITT, J, B KRAFT, J P SCHMIDT, B MEIR, K ELIAN, D ENSLING, G KESER,A JOSSEN, Measurement of gas pressure inside large-format prismatic lithium-ion cells during operation and cycle aging[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 478: 228661.
18	PADHI, A K, K S NANJUNDASWAMY,J B GOODENOUGH, Phospho‐olivines as Positive‐Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1997, 144(4): 1188.
19	CLERICI, D, F MOCERA,A J J o P S SOMà, Electrochemical–mechanical multi-scale model and validation with thickness change measurements in prismatic lithium-ion batteries[J]. 2022.
20	DIDIER, C, W K PANG, Z GUO, S SCHMID,V K PETERSON, Phase Evolution and Intermittent Disorder in Electrochemically Lithiated Graphite Determined Using in Operando Neutron Diffraction[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2020, 32(6): 2518-2531.
21	HAN, B, Y ZOU, G XU, S HU, Y KANG, Y QIAN, J WU, X MA, J YAO, T LI, Z ZHANG, H MENG, H WANG, Y DENG, J LI,M GU, Additive Stabilization of SEI on Graphite Observed Using Cryo-Electron Microscopy[J]. Energy &amp; Environmental Science, 2021, 14.
22	刘晓梅, 姚斌, 谢乐琼, 胡乔, 王莉, 何向明. 磷酸铁锂动力电池常温循环衰减机理分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(4): 1338-1343.
	LIU X M, YAO B, XIE L Q, HU Q, WANG L, HE X M. Analysis of the capacity fading mechanism in lithium iron phosphate power batteries cycled at ambient temperatures[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1338-1343.

电池类型	参数		单位	规格
方形铝壳电芯	尺寸	厚度	mm	72.0
		高度		207.2
		宽度		173.7
	内阻		mΩ	≤0.25
	标称容量		Ah	280
	标称能量		Wh	896
	标称电压		V	3.2
	标准充放电功率		W	448
	重量		Kg	5.42
1P8S模组	成组方式		/	1P8S
	电压范围		V	20-29.2
	标称电压		V	25.6
	充放电功率		W	3584
	标称电量		kWh	7.168
1P12S模组	成组方式		/	1P12S
	电压范围		V	43.8
	标称电压		V	30-38.4
	充放电功率		W	5376
	标称电量		kWh	10.752

类型	工步	功率(W)	时长(min)	截止电压(V)
1P8S模组	恒功率充电	3584	/	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	/	30	/
	恒功率放电	3584		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	/	30	/
1P12S模组	恒功率充电	5376	/	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	/	30	/
	恒功率放电	5376		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	/	30	/

序号	部件	材料	密度（t/mm³）	弹性模量（MPa）	泊松比	屈服强度（MPa）	抗拉强度（MPa）
4	钢带	SUS201	7.93E-9	2.2E+5	0.25	1168.0	1353.0
1	端板	A380	2.76E-9	7.2E+4	0.33	159.0	324.0
2	铝排	AL_1060_O	2.71E-9	6.9E+4	0.33	27.6	68.9
3	螺栓	40Cr	7.80E-9	2.1E+5	0.29	525.0	827.0

[1]	Xuefeng HU, Xianlei CHANG, Xiaoxiao LIU, Wei XU, Wenbin ZHANG. SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries under multiple temperatures conditions based on MIARUKF algorithm [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(9): 2983-2994.
[2]	Liya MA, Baohui GUO. Failure analysis and structure optimization of energy storage module [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(7): 2194-2201.
[3]	Shaojun NIU, Kai WU, Guobin ZHU, Yan WANG, Qunting QU, Honghe ZHENG. Studies on the swelling force during cycling of Si-based anodes in lithium ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2989-2994.
[4]	Chunjing LIN, Danhua LI, Haoran WEN, Tianyi MA, Hong CHANG, Peixiang CHANG, Haiqiang LI, Shiqiang LIU. Research on swelling force characteristics of power battery during charging [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1627-1633.
[5]	Feng TIAN, Zhijiang CHENG, Handi YANG, Tianxiang YANG. Fault-tolerant control strategy for modular multi-level hybrid converter battery energy storage system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1583-1591.
[6]	Pengchao HUANG, Jiaqiang E. State estimation of lithium-ion battery based on dual adaptive Kalman filter [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(2): 660-666.
[7]	Xiaozhi GAO, Lei WANG, Jin TIAN, Jialu LIU, Qinghua LIU. Research on hybrid energy storage power distribution strategy based on parameter optimization variational mode decomposition [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 147-155.
[8]	ZHENG Tao, ZHANG Li, HOU Yangcheng, CHEN Wei. SOC estimation of aging lithium battery based on adaptive CKF [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(4): 1193-1199.
[9]	AN Zhiguo, TIAN Maofei, ZHAO Lin, CHEN Xing, LI Yakun, SI Xin. SOC estimation of lithium battery based on adaptive untracked Kalman filter [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(5): 856-861.