Titanium-based materials as anode materials for sodium ion batteries

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.03.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Titanium-based materials have attracted increasing attention in recent years as anode materials for sodium ion batteries due to their properties of environmentally friendly, safe, and good stability. However, titanium-based materials show wide band gap, poor electronic conductivity, and low specific capacity, which limit their development and application in sodium ion batteries. This review focuses on the electrochemical properties, modification, and sodium storage mechanism of three titanium-based materials, which are TiO2, Na2TinO2n+1, and NaTi2(PO4)3. The problems and prospect are also pointed out for these materials. Future researches could be focused on the following aspects: ① investigating the electrochemical mechanism of titanium-based materials deeply and systematically; ② the anions/cations doping effects on the structural, electronic and electrochemical properties of titanium-based materials; ③ the synergistic effect of titanium-based materials and anode materials with high specific capacity; ④ the design of hierarchically structure and three-dimensional structure for titanium-based materials;⑤ exploring titanium-based materials with novel structures.

Key words: sodium ion batteries, anode materials, titanium-based materials

LIU Li1,2, WANG Xianyou1, CAO Guozhong2. Titanium-based materials as anode materials for sodium ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2016, 5(3): 292-302.

References

[1] PASCAL G E，FOULETIER M. Electrochemical intercalation of sodium in graphite[J]. Solid State Ionics，1988，28：1172-1175.

[2] SLATER M D，KIM D，LEE E，et al. Sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials，2013，23：947-958.

[3] HONG K L，QIE L，ZENG R，et al. Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2：12733-12738.

[4] LI Y，XU S，WU X，et al. Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：71-77.

[5] WANG H G，WU Z，MENG F L，et al. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets as low-cost，high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Chemsuschem，2013，6（1）：56-60.

[6] LUO W，SCHARDT J，BOMMIER C，et al. Carbon nanofibers derived from cellulose nanofibers as a long-life anode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2013，1：10662-10666.

[7] TANG K，FU L，WHITE R J，et al. Hollow carbon nanospheres with superior rate capability for sodium-based batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials，2012，2：873-877.

[8] XIONG H，SLATER MD，BALASUBRAMANIAN M，et al. Amorphous TiO₂ nanotube anode for rechargeable sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2011，2：2560-2565.

[9] XU Y，LOTFABAD E M，WANG H，et al. Nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂：A new anode material for rechargeable sodium ion batteries[J]. Chemical Communications，2013，49：8973-5.

[10] KIM K-T，ALI G，CHUNG K Y，et al. Anatase titania nanorods as an intercalation anode material for rechargeable sodium batteries[J]. Nano Letters，2014，14：416-422.

[11] WU L，BUCHHOLZ D，BRESSER D，et al. Anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles for high power sodium-ion anodes[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2014，251：379-385.

[12] GONZALEZ J R，ZHECHEVA E，STOYANOVA R，et al. A fractal-like electrode based on double-wall nanotubes of anatase exhibiting improved electrochemical behaviour in both lithium and sodium batteries[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics，2015，17：4687-4695.

[13] HONG Z，ZHOU K，HUANG Z，et al. Iso-oriented anatase TiO₂ mesocages as a high performance anode material for sodium-ion storage[J]. Scientific Reports，2015，5：11960.

[14] Li Y N，SU J，LV X Y，et al. Yeast bio-template synthesis of porous anatase TiO₂ and potential application as an anode for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta，2015，182：596-603.

[15] SU D，DOU S，WANG G，Anatase TiO₂：Better anode material than amorphous and rutile phases of TiO₂for Na-ion batteries[J]. Chemistry of Materials，2015，27：6022-6029.

[16] WU L，BRESSER D，BUCHHOLZ D，et al. Unfolding the mechanism of sodium insertion in anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles[J]. Advanced Energy Materials，2015，5（2）：DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201401142.

[17] YANG X，WANG C，YANG Y，et al. Anatase TiO₂ nanocubes for fast and durable sodium ion battery anodes[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：8800-8807.

[18] BI Z，PARANTHAMAN M P，MENCHHOFER P A，et al. Self-organized amorphous TiO₂ nanotube arrays on porous Ti foam for rechargeable lithium and sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2013，222：461-466.

[19] WANG X，FAN L，GONG D，et al. Core-shell Ge@Graphene@ TiO₂ nanofibers as a high-capacity and cycle-stable anode for lithium and sodium ion battery[J]. Advanced Functional Materials，2016，26：1104-1111.

[20] HUANG J P，YUAN D D，ZHANG H Z，et al. Electrochemical sodium storage of TiO₂(B) nanotubes for sodium ion batteries[J]. Rsc Advances，2013，3：12593-12597.

[21] WU L，BRESSER D，BUCHHOLZ D，et al. Nanocrystalline TiO₂(B) as anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2015，162：A3052-A3058.

[22] LIAO J Y，DE LUNA B，MANTHIRAM A. TiO₂-B nanowire arrays coated with layered MoS₂ nanosheets for lithium and sodium storage[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2016，4：801-806.

[23] HONG Z，ZHOU K，ZHANG J，et al. Facile synthesis of rutile TiO₂ mesocrystals with enhanced sodium storage properties[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：17412-17416.

[24] USUI H，YOSHIOKA S，WASADA K，et al. Nb-doped rutile TiO₂：A potential anode material for Na-ion battery[J]. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces，2015，7：6567-6573.

[25] ZHANG Y，PU X，YANG Y，et al. An electrochemical investigation of rutile TiO₂ microspheres anchored by nanoneedle clusters for sodium storage[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics，2015，17：15764-70.

[26] PEREZ-FLORES JC，BAEHTZ C，KUHN A，et al. Hollandite-type TiO₂：A new negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2：1825-33.

[27] LEGRAIN F，MALYI O，MANZHOS S. Insertion energetics of lithium，sodium，and magnesium in crystalline and amorphous titanium dioxide：A comparative first-principles study[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2015，278：197-202.

[28] GE Y，ZHU J，LU Y，et al. The study on structure and electrochemical sodiation of one-dimensional nanocrystalline TiO₂@C nanofiber composites[J]. Electrochimica Acta，2015，176：989-996.

[29] YAN Z，LIU L，TAN J，et al. One-pot synthesis of bicrystalline titanium dioxide spheres with a core-shell structure as anode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2014，269：37-45.

[30] HWANG J Y，MYUNG S T，LEE J H，et al. Ultrafast sodium storage in anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles embedded on carbon nanotubes[J]. Nano Energy，2015，16：218-226.

[31] YEO Y，JUNG J W，PARK K，et al. Graphene-wrapped anatase TiO₂ nanofibers as high-rate and long-cycle-life anode material for sodium ion batteries[J]. Scientific Reports，2014，5：doi：10.1038/srep13862.

[32] MASSÉ RC，UCHAKER E，CAO G. Beyond Li-ion：Electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries[J]. SCIENCE CHINA Materials，2015，58：52.

[33] BRESSER D，OSCHMANN B，TAHIR M N，et al. Carbon-coated anatase TiO₂ nanotubes for Li- and Na-ion anodes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2015，162：A3013-A3020.

[34] JUNG K N，SEONG J Y，KIM S S，et al. One-dimensional nanofiber architecture of an anatase TiO₂-carbon composite with improved sodium storage performance[J]. Rsc Advances，2015，5：106252-106257.

[35] YANG F，ZHANG Z，HAN Y，et al. TiO₂/carbon hollow spheres as anode materials for advanced sodium ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta，2015，178：871-876.

[36] ZHANG Y，YANG Y，HOU H，et al. Enhanced sodium storage behavior of carbon coated anatase TiO₂ hollow spheres[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：18944-18952.

[37] CHA H A，JEONG H M，KANG J K. Nitrogen-doped open pore channeled graphene facilitating electrochemical performance of TiO₂ nanoparticles as an anode material for sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2：5182-5186.

[38] QIN G，ZHANG X，WANG C. Design of nitrogen doped graphene grafted TiO₂ hollow nanostructures with enhanced sodium storage performance[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2：12449-12458.

[39] LIU H，CAO K，XU X，et al. Ultrasmall TiO₂ nanoparticles in situ growth on graphene hybrid as superior anode material for sodium/lithium ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces，2015，7：11239-11245.

[40] XU J，YANG D Z，LIAO X Z，et al. Electrochemical performances of reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide composites for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica，2015，31：913-919.

[41] DAS S K，JACHE B，LAHON H，et al. Graphene mediated improved sodium storage in nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂ for sodium ion batteries with ether electrolyte[J]. Chemical Communications，2016，52：1428-1431.

[42] FENG J M，DONG L，HAN Y，et al. Facile synthesis of graphene-titanium dioxide nanocomposites as anode materials for Na-ion batteries[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2016，41：355-360.

[43] LAI Y，LIU W，LI J，et al. High performance sodium storage of Fe-doped mesoporous anatase TiO₂/amorphous carbon composite[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2016，666：254-261.

[44] Yan D，Yu C，Bai Y，et al. Sn-doped TiO₂ nanotubes as superior anode materials for sodium ion batteries[J]. Chemical Communications，2015，51：8261-8264

[45] YANG Y，JI X，JING M，et al. Carbon dots supported upon N-doped TiO₂ nanorods applied into sodium and lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：5648-5655.

[46] ZHAO F，WANG B，TANG Y，et al. Niobium doped anatase TiO₂ as an effective anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：22969-22974.

[47] CATTI M，PINUS I，SCHERILLO A. On the crystal energy and structure of A₂Ti_nO_2n+1 (A=Li, Na, K) titanates by DFT calculations and neutron diffraction[J]. Journal of Solid State Chemistry，2013，205：64-70.

[48] SENGUTTUVAN P，ROUSSE G，SEZNEC V，et al. Na₂Ti₃O₇：Lowest voltage ever reported oxide insertion electrode for sodium ion batteries[J]. Chemistry of Materials，2011，23：4109-4111.

[49] WANG W，YU C，LIU Y，et al. Single crystalline Na₂Ti₃O₇ rods as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Rsc Advances，2013，3：1041-1044.

[50] WANG W，YU C，LIN Z，et al. Microspheric Na₂Ti₃O₇ consisting of tiny nanotubes：An anode material for sodium-ion batteries with ultrafast charge-discharge rates[J]. Nanoscale，2013，5：594-599.

[51] PAN H，LU X，YU X，et al. Sodium storage and transport properties in layered Na₂Ti₃O₇ for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials，2013，3：1186-1194.

[52] NAVA-AVENDANO J，MORALES-GARCIA A，PONROUCH A，et al. Taking steps forward in understanding the electrochemical behavior of Na₂Ti₃O₇[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：22280-22286.

[53] RUDOLA A，SARAVANAN K，MASON C W，et al. Na₂Ti₃O₇：An intercalation based anode for sodium-ion battery applications[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2013，1：2653-2662.

[54] XU J，MA C，BALASUBRAMANIAN M，et al. Understanding Na₂Ti₃O₇ as an ultra-low voltage anode material for a Na-ion battery[J]. Chemical Communications，2014，50：12564-12567.

[55] YAN Z，LIU L，SHU H，et al. A tightly integrated sodium titanate-carbon composite as an anode material for rechargeable sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2015，274：8-14.

[56] WANG S，WANG W，ZHAN P，et al. 3D flower-like NaHTi₃O₇ nanotubes as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：16528-16534.

[57] EGUIA-BARRIO A，CASTILLO-MARTINEZ E，ZARRABEITIA M，et al. Structure of H₂Ti₃O₇ and its evolution during sodium insertion as anode for Na ion batteries[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics，2015，17：6988-6994.

[58] RUDOLA A，SARAVANAN K，DEVARAJ S，et al. Na₂Ti₆O₁₃：A potential anode for grid-storage sodium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Communications，2013，49：7451-7453.

[59] SHEN K，WAGEMAKER M. Na_2+xTi₆O₁₃ as potential negative electrode material for Na-ion batteries[J]. Inorganic Chemistry，2014，53：8250-8256.

[60] Li H，Fei H，Liu X，et al. In situ synthesis of Na₂Ti₇O₁₅ nanotubes on a Ti net substrate as a high performance anode for Na-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Communications，2015，51：9298-9300.

[61] KATAOKA K，AKIMOTO J. Synthesis and electrochemical sodium and lithium insertion properties of sodium titanium oxide with the tunnel type structure[J]. Journal of Power Sources，2016，305：151-155.

[62] LIAO J-Y，MANTHIRAM A. High-performance Na₂Ti₂O₅ nanowire arrays coated with VS₂ nanosheets for sodium-ion storage[J]. Nano Energy，2015，18：20-27.

[63] Wu W，Shabhag S，Chang J，et al.Relating electrolyte concentration to performance and stability for NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/Na_0.44MnO₂ aqueous sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society，2015，162：A803-A805.

[64] HOU Z，LI X，LIANG J，et al. An aqueous rechargeable sodium ion battery based on a NaMnO₂-NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ hybrid system for stationary energy storage[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：1400-1404.

[65] WU X，CAO Y，AI X，et al. A low-cost and environmentally benign aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion battery based on NaTi₂(PO₄)₃-Na₂NiFe(CN)₆ intercalation chemistry[J]. Electrochemistry Communications，2013，31：145-148.

[66] DELMAS C，CHERKAOUI F，NADIRI A，et al. A NASICON-type phase as intercalation electrode-NaTi₂(PO₄)₃[J]. Materials Research Bulletin，1987，22：631-639.

[67] DELMAS C，NADIRI A，SOUBEYROUX J L. The NASICON-type titanium phosphates LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ as electrode materials[J]. Solid State Ionics，1988，28：419-423.

[68] LIGHTFOOT P，WOODCOCK D A，JORGENSEN J D，et al. Low thermal expansion materials：A comparison of the structural behaviour of La_0.33Ti₂(PO₄)₃，Sr_0.5Ti₂(PO₄)₃ and NaTi₂(PO₄)₃[J]. International Journal of Inorganic Materials，1999，1：53-60.

[69] WOODCOCK DA，LIGHTFOOT P. Comparison of the structural behaviour of the low thermal expansion NZP phases MTi₂(PO₄)₃ (M=Li, Na, K)[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry，1999，9：2907-2911.

[70] GULER H，KURTULUS F. A rapid synthesis of sodium titanium phosphate, NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ by using microwave energy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics，2006，99：394-397.

[71] LI X，ZHU X，LIANG J，et al. Graphene-supported NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ as a high rate anode material for aqueous sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2014，161：A1181-A1187.

[72] WU C，KOPOLD P，DING Y L，et al. Synthesizing porous NaTi₂(PO₄)₃nanoparticles embedded in 3D graphene networks for high-rate and long cycle-life sodium electrodes[J]. ACS Nano，2015，9：6610-6618.

[73] JIANG Y，ZENG L，WANG J，et al. A carbon coated NASICON structure material embedded in porous carbon enabling superior sodium storage performance：NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ as an example[J]. Nanoscale，2015，7：14723-14729.

[74] WU X Y，SUN M Y，SHEN Y F，et al. Energetic aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion battery based on Na₂CuFe(CN)₆-NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ intercalation chemistry[J]. Chemsuschem，2014，7：407-411.

[75] PANG G，YUAN C，NIE P，et al. Synthesis of NASICON-type structured NaTi₂(PO₄)₃-graphene nanocomposite as an anode for aqueous rechargeable Na-ion batteries[J]. Nanoscale，2014，6：6328-6334.

[76] PANG G，NIE P，YUAN C，et al. Enhanced performance of aqueous sodium-ion batteries using electrodes based on the NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/MWNTs-Na_0.44MnO₂ system[J]. Energy Technology，2014，2：705-712.

[77] PANG G，NIE P，YUAN C，et al. Mesoporous NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/CMK-3 nanohybrid as anode for long-life Na-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2：20659-20666.

[78] Yang J，Wang H ，Hu P，et al.A high-rate and ultralong-life sodium-ion battery based on NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ nanocubes with synergistic coating of carbon and rutile TiO₂[J]. Small，2015，11：3744-3749.

[79] YANG G，SONG H，WU M，et al. Porous NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ nanocubes：A high-rate nonaqueous sodium anode material with more than 10000 cycle life[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3：18718-18726.

[80] PARK S I，GOCHEVA I，OKADA S，et al. Electrochemical properties of NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ anode for rechargeable aqueous sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2011，158（10）：A1067-A1070.

[81] MOHAMED AI，SANSONE NJ，KUEI B，et al. Using polypyrrole coating to improve cycling stability of NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ as an aqueous Na-ion anode[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2015，162：A2201-A2207.

[82] WU W，YAN J，WISE A，et al. Using intimate carbon to enhance the Performance of NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ anode materials：Carbon nanotubes vs graphite[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2014，161：A561-A567.

[83] WU W，MOHAMED A，WHITACRE J F. Microwave synthesized NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ as an aqueous sodium-ion negative electrode[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2013，160：A497-A504.

，，，，，：