Research and simulation analysis of swelling force characteristics in energy storage battery modules

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1210

Abstract

Abstract:

Swelling force is an important parameter for evaluating the performance and safety of LiFePO₄ (LFP) energy storage batteries, which is affected by the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. However, the evolution and mechanisms of swelling forces over the full lifecycle of high-capacity LFP batteries are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the swelling force variation in a 280 Ah LFP battery under constrained conditions, which was assembled into modules with different string numbers. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the swelling force under full SOC and lifecycle. The results demonstrate that the swelling force changes with the SOC of the battery during a single cycle. Because of the structural characteristics of graphite and lithium iron phosphate materials, during charging, two swelling peaks emerged at approximately 30% and 100%SOC, and two peaks emerged at 100% and 30%SOC during discharging. These peaks evolved with the battery degradation. At 100%SOC, the force gradually changes from maximum to minimum value of the battery ages, whereas at 30%SOC, the force gradually becomes the largest. In addition, after the SOH dropped to approximately 90%, the expansion force exhibited a linear correlation with the SOH. The swelling force growth trend was maintained as the series count increased, and the maximum expansion force of the 1P12S module reached 2365 kgf at 70% SOH. Based on the measured data, the simulation analysis of the swelling force of the module indicates that the design of the module's main components meets the structural safety requirements throughout its lifecycle. This study preliminarily explores the swelling force characteristics of the LFP battery modules, providing a reference for swelling force simulations at the module level. Furthermore, this study provides support for the safe design and development of LFP battery modules in energy storage systems.

Key words: LFP battery, swelling force, energy storage module, state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH)

CLC Number:

TM 911

Huimin FAN, Haohong PENG, Hui MENG, Menghong TANG, Haohao YI, Jing DING, Jincheng LIU, Chengshan XU, Xuning FENG. Research and simulation analysis of swelling force characteristics in energy storage battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2488-2497.

Figures/Tables 11

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电池类型	参数		单位	规格
方形铝壳电芯	尺寸	厚度	mm	72.0
		高度		207.2
		宽度		173.7
	内阻		mΩ	≤0.25
	标称容量		Ah	280
	标称能量		Wh	896
	标称电压		V	3.2
	标准充放电功率		W	448
	重量		kg	5.42

1P8S模组	成组方式		—	1P8S
	电压范围		V	20~29.2
	标称电压		V	25.6
	充放电功率		W	3584
	标称电量		kWh	7.168

1P12S模组	成组方式		—	1P12S
	电压范围		V	43.8
	标称电压		V	30~38.4
	充放电功率		W	5376
	标称电量		kWh	10.752

类型	工步	功率/W	时长/min	截止电压/V
1P8S模组	恒功率充电	3584	—	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	—	30	—
	恒功率放电	3584		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	—	30	—

1P12S模组	恒功率充电	5376	—	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	—	30	—
	恒功率放电	5376		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	—	30	—

Phase	晶格间距/Å			体积变化率
Graphite	—			—
C₆	3.355			0%
Stage IV/III	3.511			5.33%
Stage IIL	3.519			5.53%
Stage II	3.509			5.57%
Stage I	3.706			12.4%

LFP	a	b	c
FePO₄	5.79	9.82	4.79	0%
LiFePO₄	6.01	10.33	4.69	6.53%

序号	部件	材料	密度/(t/mm³)	弹性模量/MPa	泊松比	屈服强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa
1	端板	A380	2.76E-9	7.2E+4	0.33	159.0	324.0
2	铝排	AL_1060_O	2.71E-9	6.9E+4	0.33	27.6	68.9
3	螺栓	40Cr	7.80E-9	2.1E+5	0.29	525.0	827.0
4	钢带	SUS201	7.93E-9	2.2E+5	0.25	1168.0	1353.0

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