磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0369

储能科学与技术 ›› 2022, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (1): 201-210.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0369

磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性

朱鸿章¹(), 吴传平², 周天念², 邓捷¹

^1.长沙理工大学，湖南长沙 410114
^2.电网输变电设备防灾减灾国家重点实验室（国网湖南省电力有限公司防灾减灾中心），湖南长沙 410007

收稿日期:2021-07-26 修回日期:2021-08-16 出版日期:2022-01-05 发布日期:2022-01-10
通讯作者: 朱鸿章 E-mail:895940611@qq.com
作者简介:朱鸿章（1991—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为电网防灾减灾技术，E-mail：895940611@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学青年基金项目(51907010);湖南省科技人才托举工程“年轻优秀科技人才培养计划”

Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating

Hongzhang ZHU¹(), Chuanping WU², Tiannian ZHOU², Jie DENG¹

^1.Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid Transmission and Distribution Equipment (Hunan Electric Power Corporation Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center), Changsha 410007, Hunan, China

Received:2021-07-26 Revised:2021-08-16 Online:2022-01-05 Published:2022-01-10
Contact: Hongzhang ZHU E-mail:895940611@qq.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池已广泛应用于储能和电动汽车中，但由于其易燃性，存在火灾和爆炸的风险。本文以单体40 A·h三元锂和72 A·h磷酸铁锂电池为对象，采用不同位置外部过热研究其热失控特性。实验结果表明磷酸铁锂电池在外部过热条件下不会引燃，而三元锂电池会自发引燃和喷射；侧面加热比底部加热能更早进入热失控；通过传热分析得到40 A·h三元锂电池热失控所需的单位受热面积导热量为1650～3788.76 kJ/m²，72 A·h磷酸铁锂离子热失控所需的单位受热面积导热量为3264.84～7856.67 kJ/m²。以720 A·h磷酸铁锂电池组为对象，研究电池组燃烧蔓延特性，实验结果表明外部引燃后，若热源一直存在会蔓延至周围电池，持续发生喷射现象；通过传热分析得到相邻电池间的传热量为39.7～43 kJ。本研究结果可对储能电站火灾风险评估和锂电池火灾防护提供理论指导意义。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 外部过热, 热失控, 传热分析, 燃烧蔓延特性

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in energy storage and electric vehicles, but there are risks of fire and explosion due to their flammability. This paper studied the thermal runaway characteristics of 40 A·h ternary lithium and 72 A·h LiFePO₄ batteries by external overheating at different positions. The experimental results showed that the LiFePO₄ battery does not ignite under the external overheating condition, but the ternary lithium battery ignited and sprayed spontaneously. The side heating can enter the thermal runaway faster than the bottom heating. From the heat transfer analysis, the heat conduction per unit heating area required for 40 A·h ternary lithium battery thermal runaway is 1650—3788.76 kJ/m². The heat conduction per unit heating area of 72 A·h LiFePO₄ battery is 3264.84—7856.67 kJ/m². In addition, the combustion spread characteristics of the battery pack were studied, taking a 720 A·h LiFePO₄ battery pack as the research object. The experimental results showed that if the heat source is in place till, after the external ignition, it spreads to the nearby battery and continues to spray. The heat transfer value of 39.7—43 kJ between the adjacent batteries is obtained from the heat transfer analysis. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for fire risk assessment of energy storage power stations and lithium battery fire protection.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, external overheating, thermal runaway, heat transfer analysis, combustion spread characteristics

中图分类号:

TM 911.3

朱鸿章, 吴传平, 周天念, 邓捷. 磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 201-210.

Hongzhang ZHU, Chuanping WU, Tiannian ZHOU, Jie DENG. Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 201-210.

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序号	电池类型	第1个安全阀打开/s	引燃/s	第1次射流火焰/s	第2次射流火焰/s
#1	三元锂	711	744	1140	1175
#2	三元锂	1805	1855	1947	—
#3	磷酸铁锂	1302	—	—	—
#4	磷酸铁锂	3289	—	—	—
#5	磷酸铁锂组	3300	4060 (短路引燃)	4197	5146

序号	电池类型	安全阀打开中心点温度/℃	电池表面最高温度/℃	火焰最高温度/℃
#1	三元锂	160	410	—
#2	三元锂	165	620	—
#3	磷酸铁锂	130	135	—
#4	磷酸铁锂	131	185	—
#5	磷酸铁锂组	135	240	700

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磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性

Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating

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序号	电池类型	电池数量	容量/(A·h)	加热功率/W	加热方式
#1	三元锂	1	40	1000	侧面
#2	三元锂	1	40	1000	底部
#3	磷酸铁锂	1	72	1000	侧面
#4	磷酸铁锂	1	72	1000	底部
#5	磷酸铁锂组	10	720	2000	底部

磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性

Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO4 and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating

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Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating