锂电储能系统热失控防控技术研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储能电站锂离子电池火灾事故频发引起了人们对锂离子电池热失控特性和防控技术的关注与重视。本文将储能电站锂离子电池在外部滥用条件下的热失控演化过程划分为3个阶段和6个过程，分别是热失控早期、热失控发生期、火灾初期3个阶段和放热、产气、增压、喷烟、起火燃烧和气体爆炸6个过程。整个演化过程各阶段并不是独立的，而是化学反应重叠交叉进行的。因储能电站火灾与传统火灾燃烧特性差异较大，需根据其热失控演化过程特点提出针对性的防控措施。本文梳理了近年来锂离子电池热失控特性和防控技术的研究进展，对锂离子电池热失控演化过程、监测预警技术、热失控抑制和灭火技术等方面进行了归纳总结与展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控演化, 监测预警, 防控技术

Abstract:

The frequent occurrence of lithium-ion battery fire accidents in energy storage power stations has drawn attention to the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, as well as their prevention and control technology. In this study, the thermal runaway evolution process of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage power stations under external abuse conditions is divided into three stages and six processes, which are the early stage of thermal runaway, the occurrence stage of thermal runaway, and the initial stage of fire, as well as three stages of heat release and gas production, pressurization, smoke, fire burning, and gas explosion. Each stage of the entire evolution process is not independent, and the chemical reactions overlap and intersect. Because the combustion characteristics of energy-storage power station fires and traditional fires are significantly dissimilar, targeted prevention and control measures must be developed based on the characteristics of the thermal runaway evolution process. This study reviewed the recent research progress on the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, as well as their prevention and control technology. In addition, the evolution process of thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, monitoring and early warning technology, thermal runaway suppression, and fire extinguishing technology are summarized and prospected in this study.

Key words: lithium ion Battery, thermal runaway evolution, monitoring and early warning, prevention and control technology

中图分类号:

喻航, 张英, 徐超航, 余思瀚. 锂电储能系统热失控防控技术研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(8): 2653-2663.

Hang YU, Ying ZHANG, Chaohang XU, Sihan YU. Research progress of thermal runaway prevention and control technology for lithium battery energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2653-2663.

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序号	日期	事故简述	可能事故诱因
1	2022.02.13	加州Moss Landing储能电站项目大约有10个电池架被融化	原因未知
2	2022.01.17	韩国义城庆尚北新谷里某太阳能发电厂储能系统发生火灾	原因未知
3	2022.01.12	韩国蔚山南区SK能源公司电池储能大楼发生火灾	电池过充
4	2020.07.30	澳大利亚维多利亚州特斯拉最大储能电站Megapack发生火灾	测试期间原因未知
5	2021.07.19	美国伊利诺伊州Grand Ridge储能电站的电池起火	原因未知
6	2021.04.16	北京丰台区南四环的集美大红门商场磷酸铁锂储能电站起火、爆炸	电池过充导致热失控
7	2020.07.30	澳大利亚维多利亚州特斯拉最大储能电站Megapack发生火灾	测试期间原因未知
8	2019.05	北京某用户侧储能电站集装箱发生火灾	运行维护中
9	2010.01.14	韩国全南莞岛5.22 MW太阳能项目充电中发生起火	单体过充导致热失控
10	2018.10.18	韩国京畿道17.7 MW调频项目储能集装箱检查维修中起火	电池单体热失控
11	2018.08.03	江苏扬中某用户侧磷酸铁锂储能电站发生火灾，一个储能集装箱整体烧毁	一节电池起火后热失控扩展引起
12	2017.12.22	山西某电厂9 MW调频项目2号储能集装箱柜发生火灾，并伴有爆炸等次生灾害	电池单体内短路导致热失控
13	2017.05	山西某储能电站调频项目三元锂电池储能单元充电后休止时发生火灾	电池单体内短路导致热失控
14	2017.03.07	山西某火力发电厂储能系统发生火灾，火灾烧毁锂离子电池储能单元一个，储能锂电池包416个，电池管理系统26个	过充导致热失控

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