实用化复合锂负极研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0169

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

金属锂由于其超高理论比容量和极低电极电势，被视为下一代高比能电池理想的负极材料之一。然而，在实用化的条件下其巨大的体积膨胀及不均匀锂沉积等问题成为障碍。构建三维复合金属锂负极是调控金属锂沉积的有效方法。本文首先对实用化条件下[超薄金属锂(<50 μm)，较低的负极/正极面容量比(<3.0)和较低的电解液量下(<3.0 g/Ah)]金属锂的沉积脱出规律进行总结，指出复合锂负极的设计是解决金属锂负极问题的有效途径。其次，本文从骨架材料的角度出发，综述了当前实用化条件下应用纳米以及微米结构骨架的复合锂负极的研究进展。目前人们也将制备的复合锂负极逐步在实用化条件下进行评测，并应用在软包电池中取得了较好的效果。在此基础上，本文还总结了当前复合锂负极研究面临的问题，指出应该采用解构的方法分析骨架的单个参数对锂沉积脱出行为的影响，从而对骨架材料进行理性的设计。同时，我们展望了复合锂负极未来的研究方向，以望促进高比能金属锂电池的发展。

关键词: 金属锂, 实用化, 复合负极, 三维骨架, 锂金属电池

Abstract:

Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as an ideal anode material for realizing next-generation high-energy-density batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, numerous difficulties, such as large volume growth and uneven Li deposition, severely limit its practical implementation. The introduction of a three-dimensional composite Li anode is an essential approach for modulating Li plating/stripping. Furthermore, a high-energy-density Li metal pouch battery should rely on practical conditions, such as ultrathin Li metal anode (<50 μm), low negative/positive electrode areal capacity ratio (<3.0), and lean electrolyte (<3.0 g/Ah). This study outlines the behavior of Li plating/stripping under actual situations and concludes that the use of composite Li anodes is an effective solution to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. Furthermore, the research development of composite Li anode based on the material structure under realistic conditions is discussed. Currently, the prepared composite Li anode has also been gradually assessed under practical conditions, and has been used in pouch cells and achieved good performance. Host materials will invariably introduce new interfaces, and ion transport regulation at these interfaces should be explored. Li plating/stripping behaviors within the host should be regulated to limit the formation of Li dendrites in the internal space. The intrinsic property of lithiophilicity should be explored further.Furthermore, the effect of single host characteristics on plating/stripping behaviors should be studied using a deciphering approach to achieve logical host material design. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of composite Li anode are discussed to promote the development of high-energy-density Li metal batteries.

Key words: lithium metal, practical conditions, composite anode, three-dimensional host, rechargeable batteries

中图分类号:

TM 911

石鹏, 翟喜民, 杨贺捷, 赵辰孜, 闫崇, 别晓非, 姜涛, 张强. 实用化复合锂负极研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1725-1738.

SHI Peng, ZHAI Ximin, YANG Hejie, ZHAO Chenzi, YAN Chong, BIE Xiaofei, JIANG Tao, ZHANG Qiang. Recent advances in composite lithium anode under practical conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1725-1738.

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复合锂负极	厚度/面容量	纽扣电池	软包电池	参考文献
复合锂负极	厚度/面容量	正极面载量，循环圈数-容量保持率	容量，循环圈数	参考文献
中空碳纤维	约165 μm 6.0 mAh/cm²	LiFePO₄(LFP) 13.0 mg/cm² 200-91%	—	[113]
Li/碳布	约300 μm 40.0 mAh/cm²	LiNi₅Co₂Mn₃O₄ 11.8 mg/cm² 300-83%	—	[127]
3D 碳纸	300 μm 10.0 mAh/cm²	LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ 4～5.0 mg/cm² 200-82.5%	—	[128]
LiSi _x	2.0 mAh/cm²	NCM811 2.0 mg/cm² 50-90%	—	[129]
Li/C	90 μm 10.0 mAh/cm²	NCM523约3 mAh/cm² 210-80%	NCM523约1.0 Ah，150	[88]
Li/ELPAN	40 μm 6.6 mAh/cm²	NCM523 2.5 mAh/cm² 145-80%	NCM523约1.0 Ah，60	[126]
Li/CF@PAN	103 μm 6.6 mAh/cm²	LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂约21.0 mg/cm² 160-80%	NCM523约1.0 Ah，68	[118]
GO-ADP-Li₃	100 μm 20 mAh/cm²	—	NCM811约0.2 Ah，150	[130]
Mg _x Li _y /LiF-Li-rGO	50 μm 5.68 mAh/cm²	LFP 7.0 mg/cm² 400-80%	NCM811约0.2 Ah，150	[107]
Li@G	120 μm 约10 mAh/cm²	—	NCM8112.6 Ah，100	[131]
Li-C	约100 μm 6.31 mAh/cm²	NCM811 4.2 mAh/cm² 200-91%	—	[117]
Li@eGF	约20 μm 3.68 mAh/cm²	—	LFP单片，200	[105]

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