电化学储能电站火灾事故多维度特征分析与消防安全现状研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0507

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，电化学储能电站火灾事故频发，安全运行问题引发广泛关注。为系统识别事故特征、厘清致灾原因，摸清消防现状问题，本文采用统计分析和问卷调查相结合的方法，对电化学储能电站火灾事故进行了统计，并对消防安全现状进行了分析。一方面，基于2016~2025年全球发生的102起典型电化学储能电站火灾事故，从发生国家、时间分布、电池类型、电站运行状态及致灾因素等维度开展统计分析。结果显示，事故呈时间频次集中、区域聚集、运行维护阶段高发等特征，其中2018年与2023年为高发年份，韩国发生事故占比最高，运行维护阶段事故发生概率达80.8%；三元锂电池事故数量持续高于磷酸铁锂，后者事故呈逐年上升趋势；电池故障与储能系统缺陷为主要致灾因素，分别占21.2%与54.5%。另一方面，通过对中国内蒙古、江西、河北、贵州和山东等地18座电化学储能电站的调研发现，消防系统普遍由工程总承包单位主导设计，国家标准为主要依据，但消防投入占比偏低；77.78%电站采用七氟丙烷灭火剂，部分电站与属地消防救援大队车程超过60分钟；有22.22%未报备应急预案，38.89%未设专兼职消防救援队，暴露出应急响应机制薄弱等问题。

关键词: 电化学储能电站, 火灾事故, 统计分析, 问卷调查, 消防安全

Abstract:

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of fire accidents at electrochemical energy storage stations has drawn widespread attention to their safe operation. To systematically identify accident characteristics, clarify causative factors, and assess the current state of fire protection systems, this study adopts a combined approach of statistical analysis and questionnaire surveys. On one hand, based on 102 representative fire incidents in electrochemical energy storage stations worldwide from 2016 to 2025, we conducted statistical analysis across dimensions such as country of occurrence, temporal distribution, battery type, operational status, and root causes. The results reveal that the incidents are concentrated in certain time periods and geographic regions, with a high incidence during operation and maintenance phases. Notably, 2018 and 2023 were peak years, South Korea accounted for the highest proportion of cases, and 80.8% of the accidents occurred during the operation and maintenance stage. Incidents involving ternary lithium batteries consistently outnumbered those involving lithium iron phosphate batteries, though the latter showed a yearly increase. Battery failure (21.2%) and system defects (54.5%) were the main contributing factors. On the other hand, field investigations at 18 electrochemical energy storage stations in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Hebei, Guizhou, and Shandong provinces in China indicate that fire protection systems are predominantly designed by Engineering Procurement Construction contractors based on national standards, yet investment in fire safety remains insufficient. A total of 77.78% of the stations used heptafluoropropane as the extinguishing agent, and some were located over 60 minutes away from the nearest fire brigade. Furthermore, 22.22% of the stations had not filed emergency response plans, and 38.89% lacked dedicated or part-time firefighting teams, revealing significant weaknesses in emergency response mechanisms.

Key words: Electrochemical energy storage station, Fire accidents, Statistical analysis, Questionnaire survey, Fire safety

中图分类号:

X932

周庆雨, 张国维, 杨立斌, 齐昊. 电化学储能电站火灾事故多维度特征分析与消防安全现状研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0507.

Qingyu ZHOU, Guowei ZHANG, Libin YANG, Hao QI. Analysis of Multi-Dimensional Characteristics of Fire Accidents in Electrochemical Energy Storage Power Stations and Research on Current Situation of Fire Safety[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0507.

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