锂离子电池低温快速加热方法研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0528

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池的性能直接影响电动汽车的续航、安全性和可靠性。低温环境下，锂离子电池功率特性变差、循环寿命衰减、可用容量降低，同时面临低温充电难、充电易析锂等问题，这些因素阻碍了电动汽车的发展。低温加热技术是电池热管理系统的核心技术之一，是缓解动力电池在低温环境下性能衰减的关键。本文综述了包括内部自加热法、MPH加热法、自加热锂离子电池、交流加热法等低温快速加热方法的最新研究进展，并总结了不同加热方法的加速速度、能量消耗、循环容量损失等关键性能参数。另外归纳了动力电池低温热管理系统的设计目标，并对不同加热方法性能进行比较分析。分析结果表明，交流加热法相比于其他方法更具优势，尤其在能量消耗、电池老化方面。最后，指出现有研究在电池老化机理、电池组/包层面加热策略方面的不足，并展望了未来的研究方向。本文内容有利于低温加热方法的发展和实际工程问题的解决，可为后续电动汽车动力电池的低温快速加热技术研究、低温热管理系统设计提供参考。

关键词: 电动汽车, 锂离子电池, 低温快速加热方法, 设计目标

Abstract:

The performance of a lithium-ion battery affects the driving range, safety, and reliability directly. Furthermore, as the power characteristics of the lithium-ion battery degrade, the cycle life attenuates, and the available capacity is reduced in low-temperature. Furthermore, there is a high risk of lithium plating at the surface of the anode when the battery is charged at extremely low temperatures. These factors hamper the development of electric vehicles. Battery warm-up is one of the core technologies of the battery thermal management system to alleviate the deterioration of batteries in cold weather. To this end, this paper reviewed the recent research progress of rapid heating methods, including internal self-heating, mutual pulse heating (MPH), self-heating lithium-ion battery, alternating current heating. Key performance parameters such as heating time, energy consumption, and degradation of various heating methods were also summarized. The design considerations of battery management systems in low-temperature conditions were provided, and the performance of different heating methods was compared. The results demonstrated that alternating current heating had advantages over the other methods, especially in energy consumption and degradation. Finally, future trends of battery heating methods were discussed, and more breakthroughs should be made in battery aging mechanisms and preheating strategies in a battery module/pack level. The research was helpful to promote the development of heating methods and solve engineering problems. It also provided plenty of references for the research of rapid heating methods and designing a battery thermal management system at low temperatures.

Key words: electric vehicles, lithium-ion battery, rapid heating method, design considerations

中图分类号:

TM 912.9

王军, 阮琳, 邱彦靓. 锂离子电池低温快速加热方法研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.

Jun WANG, Lin RUAN, Yanliang QIU. Research progress on rapid heating methods for lithium-ion battery in low-temperature[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.

图/表 5

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

参考文献 63

1	TEIXEIRA A C R, SODRÉ J R. Impacts of replacement of engine powered vehicles by electric vehicles on energy consumption and CO₂ emissions[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2018, 59: 375-384.
2	MAHMOUDZADEH A A, PESIRIDIS A, RAJOO S, et al. A review of battery electric vehicle technology and readiness levels[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 78: 414-430.
3	LIU T, HU X S, LI S E, et al. Reinforcement learning optimized look-ahead energy management of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2017, 22(4): 1497-1507.
4	HU X S, ZHENG Y S, HOWEY D A, et al. Battery warm-up methodologies at subzero temperatures for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2020, 77: doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100806.
5	朱建功, 孙泽昌, 魏学哲, 等. 车用锂离子电池低温特性与加热方法研究进展[J]. 汽车工程, 2019, 41(5): 571-581, 589.
	ZHU J G, SUN Z C, WEI X Z, et al. Research progress on low-temperature characteristics and heating techniques of vehicle lithium-ion battery[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2019, 41(5): 571-581, 589.
6	HU X S, ZOU C F, ZHANG C P, et al. Technological developments in batteries: A survey of principal roles, types and management needs[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017, 15(5): 20-31.
7	NITTA N, WU F X, LEE J T, et al. Li-ion battery materials: Present and future[J]. Materials Today, 2015, 18(5): 252-264.
8	SONG Z Y, HOFMANN H, LI J Q, et al. The optimization of a hybrid energy storage system at subzero temperatures: Energy management strategy design and battery heating requirement analysis[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 159: 576-588.
9	RATNAKUMAR B V, SMART M C, SURAMPUDI S. Effects of SEI on the kinetics of lithium intercalation[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 97/98: 137-139.
10	SENYSHYN A, MÜHLBAUER M J, DOLOTKO O, et al. Low-temperature performance of Li-ion batteries: The behavior of lithiated graphite[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 282: 235-240.
11	NOBILI F, MANCINI M, DSOKE S, et al. Low-temperature behavior of graphite-tin composite anodes for Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(20): 7090-7097.
12	CHO H M, CHOI W S, GO J Y, et al. A study on time-dependent low temperature power performance of a lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 198: 273-280.
13	ZHANG S S, XU K, JOW T R. Charge and discharge characteristics of a commercial LiCoO₂-based 18650 Li-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(2): 1403-1409.
14	LI Z, HUANG J, YANN LIAW B, et al. A review of lithium deposition in lithium-ion and lithium metal secondary batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 254: 168-182.
15	OUYANG M G, CHU Z Y, LU L G, et al. Low temperature aging mechanism identification and lithium deposition in a large format lithium iron phosphate battery for different charge profiles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 286: 309-320.
16	ZHU G L, WEN K C, LV W Q, et al. Materials insights into low-temperature performances of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 300: 29-40.
17	雷治国, 张承宁, 雷学国, 等. 电传动车辆用锂离子电池组低温加热方法研究[J]. 电源学报, 2016, 14(1): 102-108.
	LEI Z G, ZHANG C N, LEI X G, et al. Study on heating method of lithium-ion battery used in electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2016, 14(1): 102-108.
18	罗玉涛, 郎春艳, 罗卜尔思. 低温环境下锂离子电池组加热系统研究[J]. 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(9): 100-106.
	LUO Y T, LANG C Y, LUO B. Investigation into heating system of lithium-ion battery pack in low-temperature environment[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 44(9): 100-106.
19	李罡, 黄向东, 符兴锋, 等. 液冷动力电池低温加热系统设计研究[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 44(2): 26-33.
	LI G, HUANG X D, FU X F, et al. Design research on battery heating and preservation system based on liquid cooling mode[J]. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences), 2017, 44(2): 26-33.
20	WANG Q, JIANG B, LI B, et al. A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 64: 106-128.
21	JI Y, WANG C Y. Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero temperatures[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 107: 664-674.
22	RUAN H J, JIANG J C, SUN B X, et al. An optimal internal-heating strategy for lithium-ion batteries at low temperature considering both heating time and lifetime reduction[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 256: doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113797.
23	WU X G, CHEN Z, WANG Z Y. Analysis of low temperature preheating effect based on battery temperature-rise model[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(8): 1121.
24	DU J Y, CHEN Z, LI F Q. Multi-objective optimization discharge method for heating lithium-ion battery at low temperatures[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6: 44036-44049.
25	MOHAN S, SIEGEL J, STEFANOPOULOU A G, et al. Synthesis of an energy-optimal self-heating strategy for Li-ion batteries[J]. 2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2016: 1589-1594.
26	MOHAN S, SIEGEL J B, STEFANOPOULOU A G, et al. An energy-optimal warm-up strategy for Li-ion batteries and its approximations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2019, 27(3): 1165-1180.
27	RUAN H J, SUN B X, ZHU T, et al. Compound self-heating strategies and multi-objective optimization for lithium-ion batteries at low temperature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 186: doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116158.
28	MOHAN S, KIM Y, STEFANOPOULOU A G. Energy-conscious warm-up of Li-ion cells from subzero temperatures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2016, 63(5): 2954-2964.
29	MOHANY S, KIM Y, STEFANOPOULOU A G, et al. On the warmup of Li-ion cells from sub-zero temperatures[C]//2014 American Control Conference. June 4-6, 2014, Portland, OR, USA. IEEE, 2014: 1547-1552.
30	WU X G, CUI Z H, CHEN E S, et al. Capacity degradation minimization oriented optimization for the pulse preheating of lithium-ion batteries under low temperature[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 31: doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101746.
31	WANG C Y, ZHANG G, GE S, et al. Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures [J]. Nature, 2016, 529 (7587): 515-518.
32	ZHANG G S, GE S H, YANG X G, et al. Rapid restoration of electric vehicle battery performance while driving at cold temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 371: 35-40.
33	WANG C Y, XU T, GE S H, et al. A fast rechargeable lithium-ion battery at subfreezing temperatures[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 163(9): A1944-A1950.
34	YANG X G, ZHANG G S, WANG C Y. Computational design and refinement of self-heating lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 328: 203-211.
35	LEI Z G, ZHANG Y W, LEI X G. Improving temperature uniformity of a lithium-ion battery by intermittent heating method in cold climate[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 121: 275-281.
36	YANG X G, LIU T, WANG C Y. Innovative heating of large-size automotive Li-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 342: 598-604.
37	LEI Z G, ZHANG Y W, LEI X G. Temperature uniformity of a heated lithium-ion battery cell in cold climate[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 129: 148-154.
38	STUART T A, HANDE A. HEV battery heating using AC currents[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 129(2): 368-378.
39	HANDE A, STUART T A. AC heating for EV/HEV batteries[C]//Power Electronics in Transportation, 2002. October 24-25, 2002, Auburn Hills, MI, USA. IEEE, 2002: 119-124.
40	ZHANG J B, GE H, LI Z, et al. Internal heating of lithium-ion batteries using alternating current based on the heat generation model in frequency domain[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 273: 1030-1037.
41	RUAN H J, JIANG J C, SUN B X, et al. A rapid low-temperature internal heating strategy with optimal frequency based on constant polarization voltage for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 771-782.
42	JIANG J C, RUAN H J, SUN B X, et al. A reduced low-temperature electro-thermal coupled model for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 804-816.
43	LI J Q, SUN D N. Lithium-ion batteries modeling and optimization strategies for sinusoidal alternating current heating at low temperature[J]. Energy Procedia, 2018, 152: 562-567.
44	LI J Q, SUN D N, CHAI Z X, et al. Sinusoidal alternating current heating strategy and optimization of lithium-ion batteries with a thermo-electric coupled model[J]. Energy, 2019, 186: doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.128.
45	ZHANG L, FAN W T, WANG Z P, et al. Battery heating for lithium-ion batteries based on multi-stage alternative currents[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 32: doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101885.
46	SHANG Y L, LIU K L, CUI N X, et al. A sine-wave heating circuit for automotive battery self-heating at subzero temperatures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16(5): 3355-3365.
47	SHANG Y L, ZHU C, LU G P, et al. Modeling and analysis of high-frequency alternating-current heating for lithium-ion batteries under low-temperature operations[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 450: doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227435.
48	GE H, HUANG J, ZHANG J B, et al. Temperature-adaptive alternating current preheating of lithium-ion batteries with lithium deposition prevention[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 163(2): A290-A299.
49	GUO S S, XIONG R, WANG K, et al. A novel echelon internal heating strategy of cold batteries for all-climate electric vehicles application[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 219: 256-263.
50	GUO S S, XIONG R, SHEN W X, et al. Aging investigation of an echelon internal heating method on a three-electrode lithium ion cell at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2019, 25: doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.100878.
51	JIANG J C, RUAN H J, SUN B X, et al. A low-temperature internal heating strategy without lifetime reduction for large-size automotive lithium-ion battery pack[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 230: 257-266.
52	SUN J L, LI X Y, WEI G, et al. Low current rate discharge with external heating at low temperature[J]. 2015 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2015: 1-5.
53	熊瑞, 王侃, 郭姗姗. 锂离子动力电池低温复合加热方法[J]. 机械工程学报, 2019, 55(14): 53-59.
	XIONG R, WANG K, GUO S S. Hybrid preheating method for lithium-ion battery used in cold environment[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 55(14): 53-59.
54	LI Y L, GAO X L, QIN Y D, et al. Drive circuitry of an electric vehicle enabling rapid heating of the battery pack at low temperatures[J]. iScience, 2021, 24(1): doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101921.
55	ZHU J G, SUN Z C, WEI X Z, et al. An alternating current heating method for lithium-ion batteries from subzero temperatures[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2016, 40(13): 1869-1883.
56	ZHU J G, SUN Z C, WEI X Z, et al. Experimental investigations of an AC pulse heating method for vehicular high power lithium-ion batteries at subzero temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 367: 145-157.
57	NELSON P, DEES D, AMINE K, et al. Modeling thermal management of lithium-ion PNGV batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 110(2): 349-356.
58	MIN H T, ZHANG Z P, SUN W Y, et al. A thermal management system control strategy for electric vehicles under low-temperature driving conditions considering battery lifetime[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 181: doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115944.
59	LIANG J L, GAN Y H, YAO M L, et al. Numerical analysis of capacity fading for a LiFePO₄ battery under different current rates and ambient temperatures[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 165: doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120615.
60	FLECKENSTEIN M, BOHLEN O, ROSCHER M A, et al. Current density and state of charge inhomogeneities in Li-ion battery cells with LiFePO₄ as cathode material due to temperature gradients[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196(10): 4769-4778.
61	TROXLER Y, WU B, MARINESCU M, et al. The effect of thermal gradients on the performance of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247: 1018-1025.
62	姜水生, 何志坚, 文华. 基于电-热耦合模型的锂离子电池组热管理系统设计与优化[J]. 中国机械工程, 2018, 29(15): 1847-1853.
	JIANG S S, HE Z J, WEN H. Design and optimization of thermal management systems for lithium-ion battery module based on electro-thermal model[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 29(15): 1847-1853.
63	SIRUVURI S D V S S V, BUDARAPU P R. Studies on thermal management of lithium-ion battery pack using water as the cooling fluid[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 29: doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101377.

加热方法	参考文献	电池容量	能量来源	能量消耗	加热速度/(℃/min)	温差/℃	电池老化
内部自加热法	[21]	2.2 Ah	电池	18%	12	—	—
内部自加热法	[22]	8 Ah	电池	20%	18.7	—	4.95%/2000次
MPH加热法	[21]	2.2 Ah	电池	5%	10.9	—	—
MPH加热法	[28]	2.3 Ah	电池	10%	6.97	—	—
自加热锂离子电池	[30]	7.5 Ah	电池	3.80%	61.2	—	—
自加热锂离子电池	[34]	10 Ah	电池	3.03%	61.85	2.5	—
交流加热法	[41]	2.9 Ah	外部电源	—	3.73	—	几乎没有/30次
	[51]	35 Ah	电池	6.64%	2.29	—	几乎没有/600次
	[49]	3 Ah	外部电源	—	2.21	—	1%/201次
	[52]	3 Ah	外部电源	—	3.2	—	—

[1]	李海涛, 孔令丽, 张欣, 余传军, 王纪威, 徐琳. N/P设计对高镍NCM/Gr电芯性能的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2040-2045.
[2]	刘显茜, 孙安梁, 田川. 基于仿生翅脉流道冷板的锂离子电池组液冷散热[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2266-2273.
[3]	陈龙, 夏权, 任羿, 曹高萍, 邱景义, 张浩. 多物理场耦合下锂离子电池组可靠性研究现状与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2316-2323.
[4]	易顺民, 谢林柏, 彭力. 基于VF-DW-DFN的锂离子电池剩余寿命预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2305-2315.
[5]	祝庆伟, 俞小莉, 吴启超, 徐一丹, 陈芬放, 黄瑞. 高能量密度锂离子电池老化半经验模型[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2324-2331.
[6]	王宇作, 王瑨, 卢颖莉, 阮殿波. 孔结构对软碳负极储锂性能的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2023-2029.
[7]	武光华, 李宏胜, 李飞, 陈博, 张世科. 考虑时间相关性的电动汽车全生命周期碳排放量预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2206-2212.
[8]	孔为, 金劲涛, 陆西坡, 孙洋. 对称蛇形流道锂离子电池冷却性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2258-2265.
[9]	霍思达, 薛文东, 李新丽, 李勇. 基于CiteSpace知识图谱的锂电池复合电解质可视化分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2103-2113.
[10]	邓健想, 赵金良, 黄成德. 高能量锂离子电池硅基负极黏结剂研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2092-2102.
[11]	欧宇, 侯文会, 刘凯. 锂离子电池中的智能安全电解液研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1772-1787.
[12]	韩俊伟, 肖菁, 陶莹, 孔德斌, 吕伟, 杨全红. 致密储能：基于石墨烯的方法学和应用实例[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1865-1873.
[13]	辛耀达, 李娜, 杨乐, 宋维力, 孙磊, 陈浩森, 方岱宁. 锂离子电池植入传感技术[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1834-1846.
[14]	燕乔一, 吴锋, 陈人杰, 李丽. 锂离子电池负极石墨回收处理及资源循环[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1760-1771.
[15]	沈秀, 曾月劲, 李睿洋, 李佳霖, 李伟, 张鹏, 赵金保. γ射线辐照交联原位固态化阻燃锂离子电池[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1816-1821.