飞轮储能在电力系统的工程应用

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0255

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2018年底的统计数据表明，新能源发电装机首超水电，跃居我国第二大发电形式，但新能源本身固有的随机性和波动性对电网的稳定带来了挑战，并且新能源机组对电网调峰、调频的贡献可以忽略不计。建设一定规模以飞轮储能为代表的电网级灵活调节资源是应对这一挑战的途径之一，飞轮储能的工程价值则通过调频辅助服务市场等典型应用场景得以体现。本文通过对近年来飞轮储能工程项目进展情况的跟踪，介绍了飞轮储能技术的主要子系统及各大公司和研究机构的技术路线，归纳出飞轮储能在电力系统的工程应用主要包括电网调频、新能源消纳和微电网支撑等，应用于新能源消纳时飞轮储能有平滑出力和无功补偿等多种工作模式，可以弥补新能源发电的不确定性。但与功率型电池储能技术相比，制约飞轮储能技术大规模应用的瓶颈在于初始投资成本过高，电网级飞轮储能技术的发展方向应为更高的性价比，这样才能获得应有的市场份额。

关键词: 飞轮储能, 工程应用, 二次调频, 无功补偿

Abstract:

The statistical data at the end of 2018 shows that the new energy power generation is the second largest power generation form in China, but the inherent randomness and volatility of the new energy itself have brought challenges to the stability of the power grid, and the contribution of the new energy units to the peak load regulation and frequency modulation of the power grid can be ignored. One of the ways to deal with this challenge is to build a certain scale of grid level flexible regulation resources represented by flywheel energy storage. The engineering value of flywheel energy storage is reflected by typical application scenarios such as frequency modulation auxiliary service market. By tracking the progress of flywheel energy storage project in recent years, this paper introduces the main subsystem of flywheel energy storage technology and the technical route of major companies and research institutions, and concludes that the engineering application of flywheel energy storage in power system mainly includes grid frequency modulation, renewable energy consumption and micro grid support. When applied to grid frequency modulation, flywheel changes its output according to the area control error of the grid. When applied to renewable energy consumption, flywheel facility has different control modes. In the power output smoothing control mode, the flywheel energy storage facility shall smooth the varying real power output from renewable energy on a continuous basis. By comparing the instantaneous real power output of renewable energy to the average real power output of renewable energy obtained over a field adjustable time period, the flywheel will adjust its power demands to ensure that the average real power output of renewable energy is equal to the sum of the instantaneous real power output of the flywheel and renewable energy. In the dynamic reactive power support control mode, the flywheel energy storage facility shall inject appropriate amount of reactive power at the grid so that the grid reactive power flow nullifies the grid voltage change as a result of average real power injection by renewable energy. The flywheel provide dynamic power support by operating the facility in variable power factor control mode. Reactive power absorption is a continuous function of two variables, one is grid voltage level and another is total real power output from renewable energy and the flywheel. The installation of flywheel energy storage device can make up for the uncertainty of renewable energy generation. However, compared with the power battery energy storage technology, the bottleneck restricting the large-scale application of flywheel energy storage technology lies in the high initial investment cost, and the development direction of grid level flywheel energy storage technology should be higher cost performance, so as to obtain the market share.

Key words: flywheel energy storage, engineering application, secondary frequency regulation, reactive power compensation

中图分类号:

TH 133

涂伟超, 李文艳, 张强, 王佳傲. 飞轮储能在电力系统的工程应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(3): 869-877.

TU Weichao, LI Wenyan, ZHANG Qiang, Jia'ao WANG. Engineering application of flywheel energy storage in power system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 869-877.

图/表 8

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

参考文献 43

1	国家能源局.国家能源局发布2018年全国电力工业统计数据[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
2	李建林, 黄际元, 房凯, 等. 电池储能系统调频技术[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2018: 13-19.
	LI J L, HUANG J Y, FANG K, et al. Frequency regulation of electric power system using battery energy storage system[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2018: 13-19.
3	李磊, 赵岩, 卞韶帅, 等. 国外自动发电控制辅助服务交易市场的比较研究[J]. 华东电力, 2011, 39(8): 1223-1227.
	LI L, ZHAO Y, BIAN S S, et al. Comparative study of automatic generation control ancillary service market of different countries[J]. East China Electric Power, 2011, 39(8): 1223-1227.
4	贺宜恒, 周明, 武昭原, 等. 国外典型电力平衡市场的运作模式及其对中国的启示[J]. 电网技术, 2018, 42(11): 3520-3528.
	HE Y H, ZHOU M, WU Z Y, et al. Study on operation mechanism of foreign representative balancing markets and its enlightenment for China[J]. Power System Technology, 2018, 42(11): 3520-3528.
5	何永秀, 陈倩, 费云志, 等. 国外典型辅助服务市场产品研究及对中国的启示[J]. 电网技术, 2018, 42(9): 2915-2922.
	HE Y Y, CHEN Q, FEI Y Z, et al. Typical foreign ancillary service market products and enlightenment to China[J]. Power System Technology, 2018, 42(9): 2915-2922.
6	杨娟. 国外电力辅助服务的采购方式与价格形成[J]. 中国物价, 2014(9): 74-76.
	YANG J. Purchase mode and price formation of foreign power auxiliary services[J]. China Price, 2014(9): 74-76.
7	张秋生. 大型火电机组一次调频参数的设置及其对协调控制系统稳定性的影响[J]. 河北电力技术, 2004(5): 9-11.
	ZHANG Q S. Setting of primary frequency control parameters for large fossil power plants and its effect on stability of coordinating control system[J]. Hebei Electric Power, 2004(5): 9-11.
8	国家能源局山西监管办公室. 山西能源监管办关于印发《山西电力调频辅助服务市场运营细则》的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05].
9	牟春华, 兀鹏越, 孙钢虎, 等. 火电机组与储能系统联合自动发电控制调频技术及应用[J]. 热力发电, 2018, 47(5): 29-34.
	MOU C H, WU P Y, SUN G H, et al. AGC frequency modulation technology and application for combination of thermal power unit and energy storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2018, 47(5): 29-34.
10	国家能源局南方监管局. 关于印发《广东调频辅助服务市场交易规则(试行)》的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
11	国家能源局华北监管局. 华北能源监管局关于征求蒙西电力市场交易规则意见的函[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
12	国家能源局西北监管局. 国家能源局西北监管局关于印发《西北区域发电厂并网运行管理实施细则》及《西北区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则》的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
13	Labs Inc. RGA. Storage and microgrid forming system for commercial, industrial, utility, and defense applications[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. http:
	//.
14	邱志强. 盾石磁能科技有限责任公司飞轮产品营销策略研究[D]. 秦皇岛：燕山大学, 2018.
	QIU Z Q. Marketing strategy study on DMETC’s flywheel product[D]. Qinhuangdao： Yanshan University, 2018.
15	贝肯新能源(天津)有限公司. 工程案例[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
16	Amber Kinetics Inc.. Products[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
17	Swater Flow Group Inc.. About us[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
18	北京泓慧国际能源技术发展有限公司. 产品展示[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
19	沈阳微控新能源技术有限公司. 产品设备[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
20	戴兴建, 魏鲲鹏, 张小章, 等. 飞轮储能技术研究五十年评述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(5): 765-782.
	DAI Xingjian, WEI Kunpeng, ZHANG Xiaozhang, et al. A review on flywheel energy storage technology in fifty years[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2018, 7(5):765-782.
21	Indigo Energy Inc.. Axially free flywheel system: US 20020232793[P]. 2004-03-23.
22	唐长亮, 戴兴建. 新型高速宝石枢轴承抗磨损性能优势分析[J]. 机械设计与研究, 2010, 26(5): 67-70.
	TANG C L, DAI X J. The analysis on antiwear properties advantage of high speed improved pivot-jewel bearing[J]. Machine Design & Research, 2010, 26(5): 67-70.
23	Ed CHIAO. Amber Kinetics[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
24	李树胜, 付永领, 刘平, 等. 磁悬浮飞轮动态UPS系统对拖充放电实验方法研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(5): 828-833.
	LI S S, FU Y L, LIU P, et al. Research on twin trawling charging-discharging experimental method for the magnetically suspended flywheel-based dynamic UPS system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2018, 7(5): 828-833.
25	张瑞煜, 祝长生. 飞轮轴向永磁轴承的径向干扰力分析与控制研究[J]. 机电工程, 2019(9): 879-885.
	ZHANG R Y, ZHU C S. Analysis and control of radial disturbing force of the axial permanent magnetic bearing in flywheel[J]. Journal of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, 2019(9): 879-885.
26	刘良田. 基于磁悬浮电机飞轮电池电磁传动与支承设计[D]. 镇江: 江苏大学, 2016.
	LIU L T. The electromagnetic driving and supporting design of flywheel battery based on bearingless motor[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2016.
27	汪勇, 戴兴建, 唐长亮. 大卸载力铠装永磁轴承设计分析[J]. 机械科学与技术, 2015, 34(6): 858-862.
	WANG Y, DAI X J, TANG C L. Analysis and design of armoured PMBs with huge unloading force[J]. Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering, 2015, 34(6): 858-862.
28	戴兴建, 张超平, 王善铭, 等. 500 kW飞轮储能电源系统设计与实验研究[J]. 电源技术, 2014, 38(6): 1123-1126.
	DAI X J, ZHANG C P, WANG S M, et al. Design and experimental test of 500 kW flywheel energy storage power system[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 38(6): 1123-1126.
29	李奕良. 戴兴建, 张小章. 储能飞轮永磁卸载设计及试验[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2008(8): 1268-1271.
	LI Y L, DAI X J, ZHANG X Z. Design and testing of a permanent magnetic bearing for an energy storage flywheel[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2008(8): 1268-1271.
30	王宗田. 立式飞轮电池分立式磁浮转子-轴承系统设计与仿真[D]. 杭州: 浙江工业大学, 2012.
	WANG Z T. Design and simulationsimulationofof maglev rotor-bearingsystem for discrete vertical flywheel battery[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2012.
31	Beacon Power Corporation. Heat energy dissipation device for a flywheel energy storage system(FESS), an FESS with such a dissipation device and methods for dissipating heat energy: US 20020243359[P]. 2004-01-13.
32	Temporal Power Ltd.. Cooled flywheel apparatus: US 201314072462[P]. 2014-05-08.
33	戴兴建, 姜新建, 王秋楠, 等. 1 MW/60 MJ飞轮储能系统设计与实验研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(21): 169-175.
	DAI X J, JIANG X J, WANG Q N, et al. The design and testing of a 1 MW/60 MJ flywheel energy storage power system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(21): 169-175.
34	Sandia National Laboratories. Design & development of a 20-MW flywheel-based frequency regulation power plant[R]. Livermore: SNL, 2008.
35	Kinetics Amber. The future of energy storage[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
36	KEMA. Carbon and life cycle comparison of traditional and flywheel power plants for grid frequency regulation applications[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
37	Sandia National Laboratories. Investigation of synergy between electrochemical capacitors, flywheels, and batteries in hybrid energy storage for pv systems[R]. Livermore: SNL, 1999.
38	Engelmann THILO, RAINER vor dem Esche, Tudi REDDY. Fast response flywheel energy storage technology for virtual power plants andmicrogrids[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
39	Natural Resources Canada. Glencore Raglan mine renewable electricity smart-grid pilot demonstration[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
40	盾石磁能科技有限责任公司. 飞轮储能-微电网领域[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
41	MARC M S. Alaska energy storage projects and opportunities[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
42	中国储能网. Beacon Power确定拍卖资产 20 MW飞轮储能项目折价77%出售[N/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .
43	West Boylston Municipa llight Plant. WBMLP flywheel grant[EB/OL]. [2020-02-05]. .

厂家及型号	功率 /kW	电量 /kW?h	转子材料	轴向轴承	径向轴承	电机	最高转速	应用领域
Beacon power	100	25	复合材料	永磁	机械	永磁直流无刷	16000	电网调频
Temporal power	500	50	4340钢	永磁	机械	异步电机	11500	调频、无功补偿
Amber Kinetics	8	32	钢材	电磁	机械	永磁直流无刷	8500	电网储能
KTSi GTR200	200	1.58	复合材料	宝石	永磁	永磁电机	36000	微电网
KTSi GTR333	333	1.58	复合材料	宝石	永磁	永磁电机	36000	轨道交通
VYCON REGEN200	200	0.83	4640钢	电磁	电磁	永磁同步	36750	轨道交通
VYCON VDC450	450	1.74	4640钢	电磁	电磁	永磁同步	36750	不间断电源
Active Power	300	2.9	4340钢	电磁	机械	开关磁阻电机	7700	不间断电源
北京泓慧HHE2503	250	3	钢材	电磁	电磁	永磁同步	10500	不间断电源
航天803所样机	300	1.3	钢材	永磁+电磁	电磁	永磁直流无刷	33000	不间断电源
二重储能EP100	100	0.4	钢材	电磁	机械	开关磁阻电机	7500	不间断电源
清华大学	1000	11.6	34CrNi₃Mo	永磁	机械	永磁同步	2700	石油钻机

电池调频项目地点	投运时间	容量	参与公司	投资额/万元	万元/MW
北京石景山热电厂	2013年9月	2 MW/0.5 MW·h	北京睿能世纪科技有限公司	2260	1130
山西京玉电厂	2015年11月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	北京睿能世纪科技有限公司	5650	627
山西晋能阳光电厂	2017年5月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	北京睿能世纪科技有限公司	4280	475
山西同煤同达电厂	2017年7月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	深圳市科陆电子科技股份有限公/中安创盈能源科技产业有限公司	3680	408
贵州清水河电厂	2018年2月	20 MW/10 MW·h	江苏院新能源工程/阳光电源股份有限公司	6776	338
内蒙古上都电厂	2018年5月	18 MW/9 MW·h	深圳市科陆电子科技股份有限公司	4800	533
粤电云河发电（云浮厂）	2018年12月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	浙江万里扬股份有限公司	5000	555
内蒙古准大电厂	2019年3月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	华泰慧能能源技术有限公司	3600	400
华电忻州广宇电厂	2019年6月	9 MW/4.5 MW·h	国电南京自动化股份有限公司	2650	294
华润郴州鲤鱼江A厂	2019年9月	12 MW/6 MW·h	深圳市科陆电子科技股份有限公司/科华恒盛股份有限公司	4000	333

[1]	杨孝杰, 王海云, 蒋中川, 宋章华. 应用于飞轮储能的BLDC电机功率双向流动策略设计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2233-2240.
[2]	高峻泽, 柳亦兵, 周传迪, 何海婷, 武鑫. 飞轮用永磁悬浮轴承的磁路设计及磁力解析模型[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1437-1445.
[3]	周勇, 陈香玉, 简霖, 王扶辉, 田德高, 韩传军. 游梁式抽油机飞轮储能系统设计及实验[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 593-599.
[4]	陈玉龙, 武鑫, 滕伟, 柳亦兵. 用于风电功率平抑的飞轮储能阵列功率协调控制策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 600-608.
[5]	叶晖, 李爱魁, 张忠. 基于储能的无功补偿技术综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(6): 2209-2217.
[6]	于苏杭, 郭文勇, 滕玉平, 桑文举, 蔡洋, 田晨雨. 飞轮储能轴承结构和控制策略研究综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1631-1642.
[7]	戴兴建, 胡东旭, 张志来, 陈海生, 朱阳历. 高强合金钢飞轮转子材料结构分析与应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1667-1673.
[8]	王纯一, 张剀, 徐旸. 磁轴承电感传感器无功补偿技术[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1650-1655.
[9]	张兴, 阮鹏, 张柳丽, 田刚领, 祝保红. 飞轮储能装置性能测试[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1674-1678.
[10]	何林轩, 李文艳. 飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频过程仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1679-1686.
[11]	李红, 储江伟, 孙术发, 李宏刚. 车载电磁耦合飞轮储能系统的特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1687-1693.
[12]	张兴, 阮鹏, 张柳丽, 李娟, 田刚领, 胡东旭, 祝保红. 飞轮储能在华中区域火电调频中的应用分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1694-1700.
[13]	兰晨, 李文艳. 两种变厚度空心储能飞轮的应力特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1080-1087.
[14]	祝保红, 李光军, 李树胜, 崔亚东. 基于储能飞轮的油井发电机功率补偿与节能应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1088-1094.
[15]	李红, 储江伟, 孙术发, 刘贺. 车用飞轮混合动力系统的应用进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(2): 534-543.