相变材料与水套式液冷结构耦合的圆柱型锂离子电池组热管理仿真分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0091

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对圆柱型锂离子电池组散热问题，设计了一种新型的相变材料(PCM)-水套式液冷耦合散热结构模型。首先研究了电池组在PCM模型的散热下，不同电池间距对电池组表面温度的影响，并得出PCM模型的最佳电池布局。然后根据PCM模型的最佳电池布局，优化PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热结构模型，即找出PCM散热模型的最佳流道结构。通过仿真分析结果表明，在6流道结构模型下，电池之间的最佳间距为8 mm；PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热模型的效果最佳，在3 C和5 C高倍率放电时，电池组的表面最高温度分别为33.78、41.11 ℃，相比于同尺寸PCM散热模型的最高温度，分别降低了7.23、1.06 ℃。采用PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热模型，电池之间的最大温差均维持在5 ℃以内。结果表明：该新型的PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热结构能在一定程度上保证电池组的正常工作，并提高电池组的安全性和耐用性。

关键词: 相变材料, 水套式液冷, 耦合散热, 圆柱形锂离子电池, 热管理

Abstract:

In order to address heat dissipation problems in cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs, we designed a new phase change material (PCM) water-jacket liquid-cooled coupling heat dissipation structure model. First, the influence of battery spacing on the surface temperature of the battery pack under the heat dissipation of the PCM model was studied, and the best battery layout of the PCM model was determined. According to this ideal battery layout, the heat dissipation structure model was optimized, that is, we determined the optimal flow channel structure of the PCM heat dissipation model. The simulation analysis shows that under the 6-channel structure model, the PCM water-jacket liquid-cooled coupling heat dissipation model has the largest effect with an 8 mm distance between the batteries. When the 3 C and 5 C high-rate discharges, the battery The maximum surface temperatures of the group were 33.78 ℃ and 41.11 ℃, respectively, which were reduced by 7.23 ℃ and 1.06 ℃, respectively, when compared to the maximum temperatures of the PCM heat dissipation model of the same size. Using the PCM water-jacket liquid-cooled coupling heat dissipation model, the maximum temperature difference between the batteries remains within 5 ℃. These results show that the new PCM water-jacket liquid-cooled coupling heat dissipation structure can ensure reasonably normal operation of a battery pack, as well as to improve its safety and durability.

Key words: phase change material, water-jacketed liquid cooling, coupled heat dissipation, cylindrical lithium-ion battery, thermal management

中图分类号:

TM 911

黄菊花, 陈强, 曹铭, 张亚舫, 刘自强, 胡金. 相变材料与水套式液冷结构耦合的圆柱型锂离子电池组热管理仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(4): 1423-1431.

Juhua HUANG, Qiang CHEN, Ming CAO, Yafang ZHANG, Ziqiang LIU, Jin HU. Thermal management simulation analysis of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack coupled with phase change material and water-jacketed liquid-cooled structures[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1423-1431.

图/表 18

表1

电池的规格参数"

参数	数值
容量/A $·$ h	3
电池直径/mm	26
电池高度/mm	65
电池重量/g	84
标称电压/V	3.2
放电截止电压/V	2.5
内阻/m $Ω$	28
径向导热系数/ $W · (K · m$ )^-1	0.98
轴向系数/ $W · (K · m$ )^-1	26.96
密度/ $k g · m - 3$	2059
比热容/ $J · (k g · K$ )^-1	1375

表1

表2

PCM的基本参数"

参数	数值
融化温度/℃	42
融化范围/℃	3
导热系数/ $W ? (K ? m$ )^-1	3.8
密度/ $k g · m - 3$	800
比热容/ $J · (k g · K$ )^-1	2000
相变潜热/ $k J · k g$ ^-1	192

表2

图1

表3

不同放电倍率下锂离子电池的生热速率"

放电倍率/C	1	2	3	4	5
生热率/W $·$ m^-3	8173.9	30956.52	68347.83	120347.83	186956.52

表3

图2

图3

图4

表4

图5

图6

表5

图7

图8

图9

图10

表6

图11

表7

参考文献 25

1	ABAS N, KALAIR A, KHAN N. Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies[J]. Futures, 2015, 69: 31-49.
2	HÖÖK M, TANG X. Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review[J]. Energy Policy, 2013, 52: 797-809.
3	SOVACOOL B K. Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power: A critical survey[J]. Energy Policy, 2008, 36(8): 2950-2963.
4	GONG H M, WANG M Q, WANG H W. New energy vehicles in China: Policies, demonstration, and progress[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2013, 18(2): 207-228.
5	刘全兵. 锂离子电池正极材料的制备及其性能研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2012.
	LIU Q B. Preparation of cathode materials for lithium-ion battery and its performance[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2012.
6	SUN J, LI J G, ZHOU T, et al. Toxicity, a serious concern of thermal runaway from commercial Li-ion battery[J]. Nano Energy, 2016, 27: 313-319.
7	CHUNG Y H, JHANG W C, CHEN W C, et al. Thermal hazard assessment for three C rates for a Li-polymer battery by using vent sizing package 2[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017, 127(1): 809-817.
8	GERMAN R, DELARUE P, BOUSCAYROL A. Battery pack self-heating during the charging process[C]//2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). 2018, Lyon, France. IEEE, 2018: 2049-2054.
9	浦文婧, 芦伟, 谢凯, 等. 宽温型锂离子电池有机电解液的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2020, 34(7): 7036-7044.
	PU W J, LU W, XIE K, et al. Progress on the carbonate-based electrolyte designed for lithium-ion batteries with wide operating temperature range[J]. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(7): 7036-7044.
10	PESARAN A A. Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 110(2): 377-382.
11	THOMAS E V, CASE H L, DOUGHTY D H, et al. Accelerated power degradation of Li-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 124(1): 254-260.
12	王慧磊. 电动汽车锂动力电池组热管理系统研究与应用[D]. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江大学, 2014.
13	ZHANG J Y, ZHANG G Q, ZHANG L, et al. Simulation and experiment on air-cooled thermal energy management of lithium-ion power batteries[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2011, 2(2): 181-184.
14	MOHAMMADIAN S K, ZHANG Y W. Thermal management optimization of an air-cooled Li-ion battery module using pin-fin heat sinks for hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 273: 431-439.
15	陈通, 孙国华, 王明强, 等. 基于液体的动力电池热管理系统性能研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(4): 658-661.
	CHEN T, SUN G H, WANG M Q, et al. Research on thermal management performance of electric vehicle power battery based on liquid[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(4): 658-661.
16	YUAN H, WANG L F, WANG L Y. Battery thermal management system with liquid cooling and heating in electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2012, 3(4): 371-380.
17	ZHAO J T, RAO Z H, LI Y M. Thermal performance of mini-channel liquid cooled cylinder based battery thermal management for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 103: 157-165.
18	张江云. 基于相变散热的动力电池热管理技术研究[D]. 广州: 广东工业大学, 2013.
	ZHANG J Y. Research on power batteries thermal management technology based on PCM[D]. Guangzhou: Guangdong University of Technology, 2013.
19	李泽群, 杨建国. 石墨/石蜡相变材料在电池热管理中的应用[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(9): 1287-1292.
	LI Z Q, YANG J G. Application of graphite/paraffin phase change materials in battery thermal management[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(9): 1287-1292.
20	马先锋, 邹得球, 刘小诗, 等. 动力电池热管理用相变材料的研究进展[J]. 化工新型材料, 2017, 45(9): 23-25.
	MA X F, ZOU D Q, LIU X S, et al. Research progress on phase change material for power battery thermal management[J]. New Chemical Materials, 2017, 45(9): 23-25.
21	王鹏. 二种低温固液相变储能材料的制备及其性能研究[D]. 北京: 北京石油化工学院, 2015.
	WANG P. Application of the inorganic phase change material sodium sulfate decahydrate and the organic phase change material paraffin[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 2015.
22	魏增辉, 许思传, 李钊, 等. 基于相变材料和液冷的LiFePO₄电池包热管理研究[J]. 电源技术, 2016, 40(1): 44-46, 69.
	WEI Z H, XU S C, LI Z, et al. Research on active-passive thermal management system of LiFePO₄ battery pack[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 40(1): 44-46, 69.
23	黄菊花, 刘自强, 曹铭, 等. 相变材料与液冷耦合的电池组热管理研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(8): 1322-1324, 1343.
	HUANG J H, LIU Z Q, CAO M, et al. Thermal management of battery pack based on phase change material and liquid cooling coupling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(8): 1322-1324, 1343.
24	LIU Z Q, HUANG J H, CAO M, et al. Experimental study on the thermal management of batteries based on the coupling of composite phase change materials and liquid cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 185: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116415.
25	BERNARDI D, PAWLIKOWSKI E, NEWMAN J. A general energy balance for battery systems[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1985, 132(1): 5-12.

放电倍率/C	1	2	3	4	5
电池组最高温度/℃	31.25	40.16	49.22	58.51	67.80
PCM-电池组最高温度/℃	29.93	35.68	41.01	41.96	42.17
最大温降/℃	1.32	4.48	8.21	16.55	25.63

最高温度/℃	放电倍率/C
最高温度/℃	3	5
PCM-电池组模型	41.01	42.17
3流道PCM-水套式液冷模型	35.46	41.73
6流道PCM-水套式液冷模型	33.78	41.11
最高温降	7.23	1.06

温度/℃	放电倍率/C
温度/℃	1	2	3	4	5
最低温度	26.42	29.66	32.69	35.80	38.68
最高温度	26.72	30.28	33.78	37.68	41.11
最大温差	0.30	0.62	1.09	1.88	2.43

[1]	元佳宇, 李昕光, 王文超, 付程阔. 考虑质量流量的电池组蛇形冷却结构仿真[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2274-2281.
[2]	刘显茜, 孙安梁, 田川. 基于仿生翅脉流道冷板的锂离子电池组液冷散热[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2266-2273.
[3]	孔为, 金劲涛, 陆西坡, 孙洋. 对称蛇形流道锂离子电池冷却性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2258-2265.
[4]	冯锦新, 凌子夜, 方晓明, 张正国. 相变乳液的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1968-1979.
[5]	蒋铖一, 钟尊睿, 吴自德, 彭浩. C₈H₁₈～C₁₁H₂₄ 混合烷烃体系相变材料的热力学性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1957-1967.
[6]	柯巧敏, 郭剑, 王亦伟, 曹文炅, 陈满, 蒋方明. 液冷式热管理对动力电池热失控阻隔性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1634-1640.
[7]	周新宇, 栾道成, 胡志华, 凌俊华, 文科林, 刘浪, 阴志铭, 米书恒, 王正云. 含碳二元系相变储热材料储热性能分析选择[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(4): 1175-1183.
[8]	杜江龙, 林伊婷, 杨雯棋, 练成, 刘洪来. 模拟仿真在锂离子电池热安全设计中的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(3): 866-877.
[9]	李钰颖, 魏雯珍, 李琦, 吴玉庭. 可用于低中温热能储存的四元硝酸盐/埃洛石/石墨定型复合材料的制备与研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(3): 1044-1051.
[10]	张永学, 王梓熙, 鲁博辉, 杨胜旗, 赵泓宇. 雪花型翅片提高相变储热单元储/放热性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 521-530.
[11]	郭云琪, 盛楠, 朱春宇, 饶中浩. 基于模板法制备氧化铝纤维及其石蜡复合相变材料热性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 511-520.
[12]	次恩达, 王会, 李晓卿, 张英, 张振迎, 李建强. 六水硝酸镁-硝酸锂共晶盐/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备及性能强化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 30-37.
[13]	朱信龙, 王均毅, 潘加爽, 康传智, 邹燚涛, 杨凯杰, 施红. 集装箱储能系统热管理系统的现状及发展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 107-118.
[14]	张晓光, 潘晓楠, 李金铭, 刘丽, 何燕. 电池排布对锂电池组相变热管理性能的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 127-135.
[15]	安治国, 张显, 祝惠, 张春杰. 蜂窝状CPCM/水冷复合式圆柱型锂电池散热性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 211-220.