重卡辅助动力电池加热系统能耗对比及优化

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0598

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

清洁能源的重卡汽车因其零排放、长续航等特性近年来得到了迅速发展，其动力驱动配置多采用燃料电池为主动力电池为辅的形式。低温环境下，重卡辅助动力电池性能衰减不足以承担辅助动力源削峰填谷的重担。因此，加热辅助动力电池使其恢复充电放电性能对重卡汽车应对寒冷环境显得尤为重要。本工作以方形磷酸铁锂电池组为研究对象，通过实验测试单体磷酸铁锂电池-10 ℃、0 ℃、10 ℃、20 ℃的放电工况，得出电池的低温热特性，建立单体电池的热模型并验证其模型有效性。基于该模型提出了一种以石墨烯加热膜为主要热源，整车车载热源余热为辅助热源的加热升温系统。同时，为了降低该加热系统能耗，基于传热原理建立了电池加热系统线性时变模型预测控制器(MPC)。结果表明，重卡在C-WTVC的行驶工况下，电池加热系统通过换热器利用车载热源余热能够提升动力电池组升温速率，使用加热膜和换热器的加热系统比传统PTC加热系统能耗降低了30%。采用MPC控制策略的加热系统比PID控制的加热系统能耗降低了14%。

关键词: 氢燃料电池重卡, 锂离子电池, 低温加热方法, 模型预测控制

Abstract:

In recent years, clean-energy heavy trucks have undergone rapid development because of their zero emission, long endurance, and other suitable characteristics. In addition, their fuel cells serve as their auxiliary power cell. In low-temperature environments, the performance degradation of auxiliary power batteries of heavy trucks is insufficient to bear the role of the auxiliary power source in peak shaving and valley filling. Therefore, to cope with cold environments, heavy trucks should consider heating the auxiliary power battery to recover their charge and discharge performance. In this paper, a square lithium-iron phosphate battery pack was considered as the research object, and the discharge conditions of a single lithium-iron phosphate battery at -10 ℃, 0 ℃, 10 ℃, and 20 ℃ were tested through experiments. The low-temperature thermal characteristics of the battery were obtained; a single-battery thermal model was established, and its effectiveness was verified. Based on this model, a dual-heat source heating system was proposed, in which the graphene heating film was the main heat source and the waste heat of the vehicle-mounted heat source was the auxiliary heat source. A linear time-varying model predictive controller (MPC) was established based on the heat transfer principle to reduce energy consumption of the battery heating system. The results show that, under the driving condition of the China-world transient vehicle cycle, the battery heating system can improve the heating rate of the power battery pack using the waste heat of the vehicle-mounted heat source through the heat exchanger. By using the heating film and heat exchanger, the heating system can increase the energy efficiency by 30% compared with the traditional PTC heating system. The heating system with MPC control strategy has 14% higher energy efficiency than that with the proportional-integral-derivative control.

Key words: hydrogen fuel cell heavy truck, lithium ion battery, low temperature heating method, model predictive control

中图分类号:

TM 912

赵立禹, 孙桓五, 刘世闯, 闫志远. 重卡辅助动力电池加热系统能耗对比及优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1139-1147.

Liyu ZHAO, Huanwu SUN, Shichuang LIU, Zhiyuan YAN. Energy consumption comparison and optimization of auxiliary power-battery heating system of heavy truck[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1139-1147.

图/表 16

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表2

图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

参考文献 18

1	贾术艳, 宋雨童, 杨紫都. 基于生长曲线函数的货车运营环节碳达峰研究[J]. 交通运输系统工程与信息, 2021, 21(6): 310-318.
	JIA S Y, SONG Y T, YANG Z D. Process of peak carbon emissions of trucks during operating activities based on growth curve function[J]. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2021, 21(6): 310-318.
2	邵志刚, 衣宝廉. 氢能与燃料电池发展现状及展望[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(4): 469-477.
	SHAO Z G, YI B L. Developing trend and present status of hydrogen energy and fuel cell development[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(4): 469-477.
3	AJANOVIC A, HAAS R. Economic and environmental prospects for battery electric- and fuel cell vehicles: A review[J]. Fuel Cells, 2019, 19(5): 515-529.
4	ZHOU Y, BAI Y, YAN W, et al. Present situation and prospect of new energy vehicle power battery[J]. Advances in Energy and Power Engineering, 2017, 5(2): 50-59.
5	刘世闯, 孙桓五, 王瑞鑫, 等. 大功率型氢燃料电池重卡动力系统匹配设计[J]. 汽车工程, 2021, 43(2): 196-203.
	LIU S C, SUN H W, WANG R X, et al. Matching design of power system for high power hydrogen fuel cell heavy-duty truck[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2021, 43(2): 196-203.
6	王瑞鑫. 大功率型燃料电池重卡动力系统匹配设计与能量管理策略研究[D]. 太原: 太原理工大学, 2021.
	WANG R X. Research on power system matching design and energy management strategy of high power fuel cell heavy truck[D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2021.
7	邓雪莲. 耦合耗散式均衡系统的动力电池组低温充电预热系统的研究与开发[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2017.
	DENG X L. Investigation of the power battery pack preheating system with passive balancing system[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2017.
8	王军, 阮琳, 邱彦靓. 锂离子电池低温快速加热方法研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.
	WANG J, RUAN L, QIU Y L. Research progress on rapid heating methods for lithium-ion battery in low-temperature[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.
9	RUAN H J, JIANG J C, SUN B X, et al. A rapid low-temperature internal heating strategy with optimal frequency based on constant polarization voltage for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 771-782.
10	MOHANY S, KIM Y, STEFANOPOULOU A G, et al. On the warmup of Li-ion cells from sub-zero temperatures[C]//2014 American Control Conference. June 4-6, 2014, Portland, OR, USA. IEEE, 2014: 1547-1552.
11	QU Z G, JIANG Z Y, WANG Q. Experimental study on pulse self-heating of lithium-ion battery at low temperature[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 135: 696-705.
12	阮海军. 低温环境下锂离子电池优化加热及充电方法研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2019.
	RUAN H J. Optimal heating and charging methods for lithium-ion batteries under the low-temperature environment[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019.
13	HU X S, ZHENG Y S, HOWEY D A, et al. Battery warm-up methodologies at subzero temperatures for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2020, 77: doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100806.
14	AHN J H, KANG H, LEE H S, et al. Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 119: 1-9.
15	QIN F, XUE Q F, ALBARRACIN VELEZ G M, et al. Experimental investigation on heating performance of heat pump for electric vehicles at -20 ℃ ambient temperature[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 102: 39-49.
16	王忠良, 王子晨, 陈昌建, 等. 相变材料在动力电池中的应用研究进展[J]. 硅酸盐学报, 2021, 49(6): 1065-1077.
	WANG Z L, WANG Z C, CHEN C J, et al. Development on application of phase change materials in electric vehicle power batteries[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2021, 49(6): 1065-1077.
17	于远彬, 李新用, 闵海涛, 等. 增程式电动车动力电池组低温行车预热策略[J]. 中国公路学报, 2018, 31(9): 209-219.
	YU Y B, LI X Y, MIN H T, et al. Preheating strategy of extended-range electric vehicle power battery packs for low-temperature driving[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2018, 31(9): 209-219.
18	MA S, JIANG M D, TAO P, et al. Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2018, 28(6): 653-666.

参数	数值
额定容量/Ah	50
工作电压/V	2.5～3.62
内阻/mΩ	≤1
最佳充放电温度/℃	10～35
最大持续放电电流/A	3 C
最大允许充放电温度/℃	-10～55

参数	值
初始SOC	50%
电池组初始温度	-10 ℃
充放电工况	C-WTVC电流工况
氢燃料电池余热回路温度	70 ℃
驱动电机余热回路温度	60 ℃
电池组结束温度	20 ℃

[1]	管敏渊, 沈建良, 徐国华, 汤舜, 张炜鑫, 曹元成. 锂离子电池储能系统靶向消防装备设计与性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1131-1138.
[2]	宋缙华, 张兴浩, 丰震河, 程广玉, 顾洪汇, 顾海涛, 王可. 基于原位参比的氧化亚硅-石墨复合负极循环衰减机制[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1059-1065.
[3]	胡力月, 姚行艳. 基于正交试验的锂离子电池热失控仿真[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1268-1277.
[4]	刘峰, 陈海忠. 基于CEEMDAN和ISOA-ELM的锂电池荷电状态预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1244-1256.
[5]	王朋凯, 张新燕, 张光昊. 基于ResNet-Bi-LSTM-Attention的锂离子电池剩余使用寿命预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1215-1222.
[6]	翟智, 王福金, 邸一, 马珮羽, 赵志斌, 陈雪峰. 基于分层对齐迁移学习的锂离子电池容量估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1223-1233.
[7]	杨妮, 苏岳锋, 王联, 李宁, 马亮, 朱晨. 聚焦离子束显微镜技术在锂离子电池领域的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1283-1294.
[8]	成雪莉, 张维福, 罗城城, 袁小亚. 一步水热法制备三维石墨烯/Fe₃O₄ 复合材料及其储锂性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1066-1074.
[9]	李奇松, 陈荣, 李慧芳. 阻抗分析法在锂离子电池析锂阈值检测中的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1278-1282.
[10]	董渊昌, 庞晓琼, 贾建芳, 史元浩, 温杰, 李笑, 张鑫. 基于SVD-SAE-GPR的锂离子电池RUL预测[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1257-1267.
[11]	刘树港, 蒙波, 李政隆, 杨亚雄, 陈建. Li _x （Mg， Ni， Zn， Cu， Co） ₁_-_x O高熵氧化物负极材料电化学储锂特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 743-753.
[12]	常修亮, 李希超, 贾隆舟, 韦守李, 王敬豪, 戴作强, 郑莉莉. 过充循环老化电池产热特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 685-697.
[13]	李奎杰, 楼平, 管敏渊, 莫金龙, 张炜鑫, 曹元成, 程时杰. 锂离子电池热失控多维信号演化及耦合机制研究综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 899-912.
[14]	封迈, 陈楠, 陈人杰. 锂离子电池低温电解液的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 792-807.
[15]	姚逸鸣, 栾伟玲, 陈莹, 孙敏. 基于光学显微镜的锂离子电池材料老化衰减原位研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(3): 777-791.