储能电池模组膨胀力特性研究及仿真分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1210

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池在充放电过程中存在膨胀力，其受电池的荷电状态(state of charge，SOC)和健康状态(state of health，SOH)影响。对于储能磷酸铁锂电池，其膨胀力特性是有关储能电池系统电性能及安全性能的重要特性之一，而大容量储能磷酸铁锂电池在全生命周期内膨胀力的演变特性及机理尚不清晰。本工作选择一款容量为280安时的磷酸铁锂电池为研究对象，将其组装成不同串数的模组，采用膨胀力夹具模拟其在实际储能模组中的应用场景，开展了循环耐久性测试，并对全SOC及全生命周期下电池模组膨胀力的演变规律进行了分析。研究结果显示：由于石墨和磷酸铁锂材料的结构特性，充电过程在约30%SOC和100%SOC有2次膨胀力峰值，放电过程也在100%SOC和30%SOC有2次膨胀力峰值。各膨胀力峰值随着电池的衰减呈现不同的演变规律，100%SOC时的膨胀力由最大值逐渐演变成最小值，30%SOC时的膨胀力演变成最大值。此外，在SOH衰减至约90%后，模组膨胀力与SOH呈线性相关，且电芯串联数量的增加没有改变模组最大膨胀力的增长趋势，1P12S模组的最大膨胀力在70%SOH时达到了2365 kgf。根据实测数据对模组的膨胀力仿真分析表明，模组主要零部件的设计能够满足全生命周期内的结构安全性能。该工作初步探究了磷酸铁锂电池模组的膨胀力特性，有助于为模组层级的膨胀力仿真和预测提供参考，为后期磷酸铁锂电池在储能系统模组的安全设计开发提供了支撑。

关键词: 磷酸铁锂电池, 膨胀力, 储能模组, SOC, SOH

Abstract:

Swelling force is an important parameter for evaluating the performance and safety of LiFePO₄ (LFP) energy storage batteries, which is affected by the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. However, the evolution and mechanisms of swelling forces over the full lifecycle of high-capacity LFP batteries are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the swelling force variation in a 280 Ah LFP battery under constrained conditions, which was assembled into modules with different string numbers. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the swelling force under full SOC and lifecycle. The results demonstrate that the swelling force changes with the SOC of the battery during a single cycle. Because of the structural characteristics of graphite and lithium iron phosphate materials, during charging, two swelling peaks emerged at approximately 30% and 100%SOC, and two peaks emerged at 100% and 30%SOC during discharging. These peaks evolved with the battery degradation. At 100%SOC, the force gradually changes from maximum to minimum value of the battery ages, whereas at 30%SOC, the force gradually becomes the largest. In addition, after the SOH dropped to approximately 90%, the expansion force exhibited a linear correlation with the SOH. The swelling force growth trend was maintained as the series count increased, and the maximum expansion force of the 1P12S module reached 2365 kgf at 70% SOH. Based on the measured data, the simulation analysis of the swelling force of the module indicates that the design of the module's main components meets the structural safety requirements throughout its lifecycle. This study preliminarily explores the swelling force characteristics of the LFP battery modules, providing a reference for swelling force simulations at the module level. Furthermore, this study provides support for the safe design and development of LFP battery modules in energy storage systems.

Key words: LFP battery, swelling force, energy storage module, state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH)

中图分类号:

TM 911

樊慧敏, 彭浩鸿, 孟辉, 唐梦宏, 易昊昊, 丁静, 刘金成, 徐成善, 冯旭宁. 储能电池模组膨胀力特性研究及仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2488-2497.

Huimin FAN, Haohong PENG, Hui MENG, Menghong TANG, Haohao YI, Jing DING, Jincheng LIU, Chengshan XU, Xuning FENG. Research and simulation analysis of swelling force characteristics in energy storage battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2488-2497.

图/表 11

表1

图1

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

图5

图6

表4

图7

参考文献 22

1	肖先勇, 郑子萱. "双碳" 目标下新能源为主体的新型电力系统: 贡献、关键技术与挑战[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2022(1): 47-59. DOI: 10.15961/j.jsuese.202100656.
	XIAO X Y, ZHENG Z X. New power systems dominated by renewable energy towards the goal of emission peak & carbon neutrality: Contribution, key techniques, and challenges[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2022(1): 47-59. DOI: 10.15961/j.jsuese. 202100656.
2	刘畅, 卓建坤, 赵东明, 等. 利用储能系统实现可再生能源微电网灵活安全运行的研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(1): 18.
	LI C, ZHUO J K, ZHAO D M, et al. A review on the utilization of energy storage system for the flexible and safe operation of renewable energy microgrids[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(1): 18.
3	潘新慧, 陈人杰, 吴锋. 电化学储能技术发展研究[J].中国工程科学, 2023, 25(6): 11.
	PAN X H, CHEN R J, WU F. Development of electrochemical energy storage technology[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2023, 25(6): 225. DOI: 10.15302/j-sscae-2023.06.019.
4	吴皓文, 王军, 龚迎莉, 等. 储能技术发展现状及应用前景分析[J]. 电力学报, 2021, 36(5): 434-443. DOI: 10.13357/j.dlxb.2021.052.
	WU H W, WANG J, GONG Y L, et al. Development status and application prospect analysis of energy storage technology[J]. Journal of Electric Power, 2021, 36(5): 434-443. DOI: 10.13357/j.dlxb.2021.052.
5	盛军, 付一民, 俞会根. 储能软包大模组结构稳定性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(2): 579-584.
	SHENG J, FU Y M, YU H G. Structure simulation of large soft pack module for energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 579-584.
6	梁浩斌, 杜建华, 郝鑫, 等. 锂电池膨胀形成机制研究现状[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(2): 647-657. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239. 2020.0358.
	LIANG H B, DU J H, HAO X, et al. A review of current research on the formation mechanism of lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 647-657. DOI: 10. 19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0358.
7	金阳, 薛志业, 姜欣, 等. 储能锂离子电站安全防护研究进展[J]. 郑州大学学报(理学版), 2023, 55(3): 1-13. DOI: 10.13705/j.issn.1671-6841.2022081.
	JIN Y, XUE Z Y, JIANG X, et al. Research progress of safety protection of lithium-ion energy storage power station[J]. Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 55(3): 1-13. DOI: 10.13705/j.issn.1671-6841.2022081.
8	CHEN S Q, WEI X Z, ZHANG G X, et al. Active and passive safety enhancement for batteries from force perspective[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 187: 113740. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113740.
9	CAI T, STEFANOPOULOU A G, SIEGEL J B. Modeling Li-ion battery temperature and expansion force during the early stages of thermal runaway triggered by internal shorts[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(12): A2431-A2443. DOI: 10. 1149/2.1561910jes.
10	LV H P, KONG D P, PING P, et al. Anomaly detection of LiFePO₄ pouch batteries expansion force under preload force[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2023, 176: 1-11. DOI: 10. 1016/j.psep.2023.05.068.
11	LI Y K, WEI C, SHENG Y M, et al. Swelling force in lithium-ion power batteries[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020, 59(27): 12313-12318. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01035.
12	ANDERSEN H L, DJUANDHI L, MITTAL U, et al. Strategies for the analysis of graphite electrode function[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(48): 2102693. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.2021 02693.
13	BAUER M, WACHTLER M, STÖWE H, et al. Understanding the dilation and dilation relaxation behavior of graphite-based lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 317: 93-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.078.
14	CAI W L, YAO Y X, ZHU G L, et al. A review on energy chemistry of fast-charging anodes[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(12): 3806-3833. DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00728h.
15	SCHWEIDLER S, DE BIASI L, SCHIELE A, et al. Volume changes of graphite anodes revisited: A combined operando X-ray diffraction and In situ pressure analysis study[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122(16): 8829-8835. DOI: 10. 1021/acs.jpcc.8b01873.
16	WENG S T, WU S Y, LIU Z P, et al. Localized-domains staging structure and evolution in lithiated graphite[J]. Carbon Energy, 2023, 5(1): e224. DOI: 10.1002/cey2.224.
17	SCHMITT J, KRAFT B, SCHMIDT J P, et al. Measurement of gas pressure inside large-format prismatic lithium-ion cells during operation and cycle aging[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 478: 228661. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228661.
18	PADHI A K, NANJUNDASWAMY K S, GOODENOUGH J B. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1997, 144(4): 1188-1194. DOI: 10.1149/1.1837571.
19	CLERICI D, MOCERA F, SOMÀ A. Electrochemical-mechanical multi-scale model and validation with thickness change measurements in prismatic lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 542: 231735. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2022.231735.
20	DIDIER C, PANG W K, GUO Z P, et al. Phase evolution and intermittent disorder in electrochemically lithiated graphite determined using in operando neutron diffraction[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2020, 32(6): 2518-2531. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05145.
21	HAN B, ZOU Y C, XU G Y, et al. Additive stabilization of SEI on graphite observed using cryo-electron microscopy[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(9): 4882-4889. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01678d.
22	刘晓梅, 姚斌, 谢乐琼, 等. 磷酸铁锂动力电池常温循环衰减机理分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(4): 1338-1343. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0144.
	LIU X M, YAO B, XIE L Q, et al. Analysis of the capacity fading mechanism in lithium iron phosphate power batteries cycled at ambient temperatures[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1338-1343. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021. 0144.

电池类型	参数		单位	规格
方形铝壳电芯	尺寸	厚度	mm	72.0
		高度		207.2
		宽度		173.7
	内阻		mΩ	≤0.25
	标称容量		Ah	280
	标称能量		Wh	896
	标称电压		V	3.2
	标准充放电功率		W	448
	重量		kg	5.42

1P8S模组	成组方式		—	1P8S
	电压范围		V	20~29.2
	标称电压		V	25.6
	充放电功率		W	3584
	标称电量		kWh	7.168

1P12S模组	成组方式		—	1P12S
	电压范围		V	43.8
	标称电压		V	30~38.4
	充放电功率		W	5376
	标称电量		kWh	10.752

类型	工步	功率/W	时长/min	截止电压/V
1P8S模组	恒功率充电	3584	—	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	—	30	—
	恒功率放电	3584		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	—	30	—

1P12S模组	恒功率充电	5376	—	任一电池电压3.65
	搁置	—	30	—
	恒功率放电	5376		任一电池电压2.5
	搁置	—	30	—

Phase	晶格间距/Å			体积变化率
Graphite	—			—
C₆	3.355			0%
Stage IV/III	3.511			5.33%
Stage IIL	3.519			5.53%
Stage II	3.509			5.57%
Stage I	3.706			12.4%

LFP	a	b	c
FePO₄	5.79	9.82	4.79	0%
LiFePO₄	6.01	10.33	4.69	6.53%

序号	部件	材料	密度/(t/mm³)	弹性模量/MPa	泊松比	屈服强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa
1	端板	A380	2.76E-9	7.2E+4	0.33	159.0	324.0
2	铝排	AL_1060_O	2.71E-9	6.9E+4	0.33	27.6	68.9
3	螺栓	40Cr	7.80E-9	2.1E+5	0.29	525.0	827.0
4	钢带	SUS201	7.93E-9	2.2E+5	0.25	1168.0	1353.0

[1]	贺悝, 冷肇星, 谭庄熙, 李雪源, 吴晓文, 陈超洋. 考虑放电倍率的电池储能容量自适应SOC估计方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2405-2415.
[2]	张红, 李金中, 李鑫, 张媛. 计及SOH的全钒液流电池并联控制策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2442-2450.
[3]	宋海飞, 王乐红, 原义栋, 赵天挺, 陈捷. 基于改进卡尔曼算法的电池采样电压滤波估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(5): 2106-2113.
[4]	汪红辉, 李嘉鑫, 储德韧, 李彦仪, 许铤. 磷酸铁锂电池存储失效机理及热安全性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(5): 1797-1805.
[5]	党少佳, 孙利强, 王深友, 田文涛, 胡鹏飞. 计及系统经济性与荷电状态均衡的多储能电站调频双层功率优化策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(3): 1247-1257.
[6]	朱鹏杰, 李伟, 张楚, 宋浩, 李贝贝, 刘秀梅, 刘利利. 基于烟气扩散的储能柜内锂电池热失控预警研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 624-635.
[7]	黄怀宇, 黄思林, 赵荣超, 肖质文, 侯军辉, 闫力玮. 磷酸铁锂电池铝塑膜壳体绝缘失效触发热失控特性实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 613-623.
[8]	陈星光, 沈逸凡, 邵裕新, 郑岳久, 孙涛, 来鑫, 沈凯, 韩雪冰. 面向实车应用的磷酸铁锂电池容量辨识及特异性优化方法研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(9): 2963-2971.
[9]	刘莹, 孙丙香, 赵鑫泽, 张珺玮. 基于电热耦合模型的宽温域锂离子电池SOC/SOP联合估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(9): 3030-3041.
[10]	姜媛媛, 屠芳芳, 张芳平, 王盈来, 蔡佳文, 杨东辉, 李艳红, 相佳媛, 夏新辉, 傅继澎. 高性能磷酸铁锂电池补锂技术及机制[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(5): 1435-1442.
[11]	常小兵, 侯宗尚, 刘连起, 王光, 谢家乐. 基于电热耦合效应的锂电池荷电状态与温度状态联合估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(4): 1142-1153.
[12]	李青, 张劭玮, 罗斯伦, 李炬晨, 成海超, 卢丞一. 不同温度下的基于BPNN-AUKF的新型自动水下航行器SOC估计器[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(4): 1205-1215.
[13]	何春汕, 王子阳, 姚斌. 不同放电功率下的储能用磷酸铁锂电池热失控特性实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 981-989.
[14]	袁照凯, 范秋华, 王冬青, 孙天民. 基于MIAEKF的多温度下锂电池SOC估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 680-690.
[15]	钱伟, 赵大中, 郭向伟, 王亚丰, 李文静. 锂电池自适应无迹H_∞ 滤波SOC估计研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(11): 4078-4088.