Fig. 1

Plant power generation technology and its advantages"

Fig. 2

Development of plant primary battery power generation technology based on copper-zinc primary battery"

Fig. 3

Photographs of plant copper-zinc primary battery for power generation (Copyright ?2010 AIP)"

Fig. 4

Influence of different plants on power generation performance of copper-zinc primary batteries; evolutions of load voltage (a) and load power (b) with time in electrochemical cell with 1 Ω load resistance and a zinc-copper electrode number ratio of 2∶1; Evolutions of open circuit voltage (c) and output power (d) with time in electrochemical cell no load resistance and a zinc-copper electrode number ratio of 1∶1 on third day. Copyright ? 2020 Springer"

Fig. 5

Schematic diagram for principle of power harvested from ion concentration difference of plant"

Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of asymmetric nanofluid composite membrane (Copyright ? 2019 Nature)"

Fig. 7

Concentration cell based on nanofluidic membrane (Copyright ? 2019 Nature)"

Fig. 8

Schematic diagram and performance diagram of bionic temperature-controlled nanochannel concentration difference battery based on MMT; (a) Schematic diagram of nanochannel concentration difference battery; (b) Volt-ampere characteristic curve under 1000 times salinity gradient;(c) Change of short-circuit current under temperature cycle conversion; (d) Output power density under different temperature and external resistance. Copyright ? 2020 Elsevier"

Table 1

Summary of power generation performance parameters of concentration differential batteries based on ion-selective nanochannel"

Fig. 9

Process of charging, electron migration and medium transport in bio-photoelectric cells;(a) Photosynthetic cells produce high-energy electrons (e-) through photosystems I and II (PSI, PSII), and some electrons are released into external environment through external electrical activity of cell to reduce carriers(E→E-); (b) ) In power delivery device, reduced charged carriers (E-) are consumed where electrons are in contact with anode, generating current. Protons (H+) diffuse to cathode and produce water under catalysis, while electrons reach cathode through an external circuit. (Copyright ? 2018 Nature)"

Fig. 10

Schematic diagram of a microbiome biophotovoltaic system with directional electron flow. (Copyright ? 2019 Nature)"

Fig. 11

Seaweed is immobilized in alginate and coated on indium tin oxide glass anode (a) and its energy output curve (b). (Copyright ? 2019 Wiley-VCH)"

Fig. 12

Schematic diagram of working principle of plant microbial fuel cell"

Fig. 13

Schematic diagram of working principle of plant microbial fuel cell; (a) Schematic diagram of battery installation; (b) Voltage record every hour in a week (Copyright ? 2008 Springer); (c) Schematic diagram ofrice-microbial fuel cell under different conditions; (d) Output power density of microbial fuel cell in repeated experiments (Copyright ? 2008 American Chemical Society)"

Fig. 14

Plant microbial fuel cell and its commonly used cathode deposition materials (carbon felt, fluorine-doped tin oxide, CuxO and naphthol). Copyright ? 2019 Elsevier"

Fig. 15

Schematic diagram of assembly of plant microbial fuel cells and membrane electrodes combined with plant stems. Copyright ? 2020 Elsevier"

Table 2

Summary of plant microbial fuel cell power generation performance parameters"

Fig. 16

Schematic diagram of working principleof submarine biofuel cells.Copyright ? 2017 Maritime Press"

Fig. 17

Schematic diagram of red rose and its power generation; (a) Chinese red roses in nature;(b) photos of rose petals power supply; (c) schematic diagram of rose petals power generation.Copyright ? 2018 Elsevier"

Fig. 18

Schematic diagram, performance diagram and working principle diagram of triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) Photograph of a completely biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator; Open circuit voltage (b) and short-circuit current (c) generated by water droplets perturbing plants; (d) Water droplets perturbating leaves in four stages; (e) Schematic diagram of working mechanism of the triboelectric nanogenerator. Copyright ? 2020 American Chemical Society"

Fig. 19

schematic diagram of triboelectric nanogenerator and structure diagram of hosta leaf; (a) Schematic diagram of natural blade triboelectric nanogenerator; (b) Photo of hosta leaf and triboelectric nanogenerator assembled with polymethyl methacrylate; (c) Cross section of hosta leaf; (d) Irregular surface of hairpin leaves. Copyright ? 2018 Wiley-VCH"

Fig. 20

Plant-wind energy collection system. Copyright ? 2020 Wiley-VCH"

Fig. 21

Potential application of plant power generation technology"