Table 1

Content of graphite in the negative electrode of different electric vehicle batteries[18]"

Fig. 1

Global graphite profile: (a) Major graphite reserves by country and global total from 1999 to 2021; (b) Major global graphite producers, 1997—2020"

Fig. 2

Corresponding global market share of graphite reserves and production in China from 1997 to 2020"

Fig. 3

Flow chart of flotation recovery process for graphite anode of waste lithium-ion battery"

Fig. 4

Flow chart of process for recovery of negative graphite material by chemical method"

Fig. 5

(a) Hydrometallurgy using water leaching to recover graphite model, RG is the reclaimed graphite; (b)-(c) are the XRD and electrochemical performance characterizations of the reclaimed graphite after water leaching, respectively; (d)-(e) are respectively SEM images of waste cathode graphite of lithium ion battery and SEM images of reclaimed graphite obtained by hydrochloric acid leaching; (f)-(g) are electrochemical characterization diagrams of (e); (h) SEM images of reclaimed graphite obtained after heat treatment of electrolyte with subcritical carbon dioxide and acetonitrile; (i) Curve of the constant discharge capacity and coulomb efficiency of the reclaimed graphite recovered by (h) method[37, 40, 44]"

Fig. 6

Combination of wet and fire process flow chart"

Fig. 7

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, flotation and electrochemical methods in terms of energy consumption, cost, recovery efficiency, product purity and operation difficulty in graphite recovery"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of graphene from the cathode graphite of the waste lithium-ion battery; (b) Exfoliated graphene; (c) Conductive ink conductivity test chart; Charge-discharge curve (d) and multiplier performance curve (e) of semi-battery prepared from recycled graphite; (f) Schematic diagram of a process for preparing phosphate adsorbent by modifying graphite with Mg(OH)2; (g) Adsorption isotherm data and modeling of phosphate on MG-MCMB (symbols represent experimental data, lines represent model results); (h) Schematic diagram of MB adsorption mechanism by go adsorbent; (i) Adsorption curve of go adsorbent on methylene blue dye; (j) Schematic diagram of REDOX reaction principle when waste lithium ion anode graphite material is used as reducing agent[46, 48, 62, 65, 71]"