Fig. 1

Major factors that influence the energy density of SLSB. (a) Weight distribution of a SLSB whose energy density is 570 Wh/kg; The influence of (b) density of the SE; (c) weight ratio of sulfur in the cathode, and (d) electrode areal capacity on battery energy density"

Fig. 2

Typical charge/discharge profiles of SLSB. (a) With S/C or (b) SPAN as active material and PEO based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE); (c) with CuS or (d) S9.3I cathode and sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE)"

Fig. 3

Charge transportation and interfacial stability in SLSB. (a) The influence of Mass transfer and reaction rate on the discharge product and the corresponding volume change; (b) Charge transportation under various ϕ(SE)/ϕ(C) and the corresponding discharge capacity in the 10th cycle; (c) The function of redox meditator (RM) on Li2S; (d) Low density SE with reasonable dispersion state could promote the kinetics performances of SLSB"

Fig. 4

(a) Average discharge potential, reversible capacity and specific energy density of typical metal sulfides; (b) Electronic conductivity of typical cathode material for Li-S battery and some typical electrode materials for lithium ion batteries; (c) Energy storage mechanism of S9.3I and the HAADF result of its lithiation product"

Fig. 5

Typical issues and stabilization strategies at the anode in solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries: (a) The generation of dendrite and dead lithium in the cycling process; (b) Stabilization of the anode using lithium alloying strategies; (c) Construction of an interlayer between the lithium anode and the solid-state electrolyte; (d) Fabrication of lithium/carbon composite anodes"

Fig. 6

(a) Stabilization of anode structure using lithium-indium alloy as the anode material; (b) Transformation of micro-silica during the charge-discharge process; (c) Enhancement of the CCD by lithium aluminum fluoride (FGLA) interlayer"

Fig. 7

Design of Interlayers on the surface of anodes in SLSB: (a) Construction of the MIS interlayer to stabilize the anode and enhance the limiting current density; (b) The MCL interlayer stabilizes the electric field distribution; (c) The Al2O3 interlayer improves the stability of polymer solid-state electrolytes in lithium-sulfur batteries"

Fig. 8

Understanding the reaction mechanism of ASLSBs. (a) Schematic diagram of the electrochemical device set for in situ TEM observation of the solid-state Li-S nanobattery. Typical ADF-STEM images of S sample before and after lithiation; (b) Ex-situ sulfur K-edge XANES profiles of SE control and cathode in different charge/discharge states and references. The zoom-in spectra show the feature of Li2S2 in XANES profiles comparing the cathode in a pristine state, and half charge states after 2 and 40 cycles; (c) Waterfall plots of Raman spectra and the corresponding intensity mapping of the sulfur cathode at various voltages during the discharge and charge process operating at 60 ℃"

Fig. 9

(a) ToF-SIMS depth profiles and chemical element distribution of C, S, Ti, and P elements of H-C/LATP-20@S cathode after 50 cycles; (b) Two-dimensional 6Li-6Li exchange (2D-EXSY) NMR spectra of the Li2S/LPSCI and Li2S/LiI/LPSCI composite cathode at a mixing time of 10 s and the temperature of 293 K; (c) Cell design, representative neutron radiography, and the position-dependent neutron attenuation quantified within the white box in before and after the initial discharge visualizes the variation in the distribution of the Li concentration; (d) Neutron radiography image at 10% DoD, and progression of the point of maximum rate of attenuation change (reaction front) toward higher d as DoD increases"

Fig. 10

Investigation of interactions between lithium metal anode and the SE: (a) XCT cross-sectional images illustrating the spallations at the edge of the lithium electrode, along with magnified views of vertical cracks formed at these regions; (b) Cryo-TEM observations revealing the evolution of the interfacial layer, providing insights into interfacial transformations; (c) Operando 7Li NMR stack spectra of AFB (with LPS) during the first five cycles, depicting the evolution of lithium signals and indicating the formation of “dead” lithium"