Fig. 1

(a) digital image of LLZTO garnet electrolyte; (b) XRD pattern of the garnet LLZTO electrolyte;(c) Nyquist plots of LLZTO garnet electrolyte at different temperatures; (d) ionic conductivity of LLZTO and liquid electrolyte at different temperatures"

Table 1

The ionic conductivity of LLZTO garnet electrolyte and liquid electrolyte at different temperatures"

Fig. 2

(a), (b) top-view SEM images of LLZTO garnet electrolyte surface without and with dripping electrolyte; (c), (d) cross-section SEM images of the LLZTO garnet electrolyte surface without and with dripping electrolyte"

Fig. 3

(a) top-view SEM images of the LLZTO garnet eletrolyte surface dripping electrolyte and the EDS images of the corresponding F (b), P (c), Zr (d), La (e) and O (F) elements"

Fig. 4

(a) cross-section SEM images of the LLZTO garnet electrolyte with dripping electrolyte and the EDS images of the corresponding F (b), P (c), Zr (d), La (e), and O (F) elements"

Fig. 5

(a) XRD patterns of LLZTO garnet electrolyte surface without and with dripping electrolyte; (b) XPS full spectrum of LLZTO garnet electrolyte surface after dripping electrolyte; (b～d) high-resolution spectra of C(c), P(d) and F(e) elements in XPS full spectrum after dripping electrolyte on the LLZTO garnet electrolyte surface"

Fig. 6

(a) schematic diagram of Li/LLZTO/Li symmetric battery configuration; (b) Nyquist plot of Li/LLZTO/Li symmetric battery at different temperatures before cycling; (c) galvanostatic cycling performance of Li/LLZTO/Li symmetric battery at 0.1 mA·cm-2"

Fig. 7

(a) schematic diagram of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric battery configuration; (b) galvanostatic cycling performance of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric battery at 0.05 mA·cm-2 and 0.1 mA·cm-2; (c) Nyquist plots of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric battery at different temperatures before cycle; (d) Nyquist plots of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric battery at different temperatures after cycle; (e) comparison of areal specific resistance of garnet electrolyte and lithium metal (Li/LE/LLZTO) at different temperatures before and after symmetric battery cycle"

Table 2

Fitting results of the EIS spectra of the Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric cells before cycle at different temperatures"

Table 3

Fitting results of the EIS spectra of the Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric cells after cycle at different temperatures"

Fig. 8

(a) galvanostatic cycling performance of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric battery at 0.1 mA·cm-2; (b) Nyquist plots of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric batteries at 30 ℃ with different standing times before cycling; (c) Nyquist plots of Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric batteries at 80 ℃ with different standing times before cycling; (d) comparison of areal specific resistance of garnet electrolyte and lithium metal (Li/LE/LLZTO) at 30 ℃ and 80 ℃ with different standing times before cycling"

Table 4

Fitting results of the EIS spectra of the Li/LE-LLZTO-LE/Li symmetric cells before cycling at different temperatures and different standing time"