Review of CO2 heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0123

Abstract

Abstract:

"Carbon peak" and "Carbon-neutrality" goals have accelerated the electrification goal of the transportation industry. Electric vehicles face severe range degradation and refrigerant selection problems due to low-temperature heating. Therefore, this paper summarizes the CO₂ heat pump air-conditioning technology and the entire vehicle thermal management system to improve the electric vehicle range. The advantages and disadvantages of four new refrigerants, R134a, R1234yf, R290, and CO_2, are analyzed. The characteristics of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle system are introduced, and the optimization of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle system is emphasized; it includes the transcritical CO₂ cycle system with a regenerator and with the technology of adding gas and increasing enthalpy. To apply heat pump air conditioning in electric vehicles, the working modes and characteristics of the direct heat pump with three heat exchanger systems and the secondary loop system are described. For the whole vehicle thermal management of CO₂ heat pump air conditioning, the requirements of the occupant compartment, power battery, and drive thermal motor management of electric vehicle are introduced. Finally, it is concluded that the CO₂ heat pump air conditioning system will effectively solve the serious problem of the battery range attenuation of electric vehicles in the winter and play a significant role in vehicle thermal management. At the same time, the problems of refrigeration, pressure resistance, sealing, control, and integration under high-temperature conditions require further exploration.

Key words: electric vehicle, CO₂, heat pump, air conditioning, heat management

CLC Number:

TB 657

Jiangfeng LI, Shuaiqi LI, Xianzhen RUAN, Lei XU, Xiaochun ZHANG, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG. Review of CO₂ heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2959-2970.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

References 34

1	袁泉, 汤奕. 基于路-电耦合网络的电动汽车需求响应技术[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(5): 1627-1637.
	YUAN Q, TANG Y. Electric vehicle demand response technology based on traffic-grid coupling networks[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(5): 1627-1637.
2	胡建, 林春景, 郝维健, 等. 动力电池标准体系建设现状及建议[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 313-320.
	HU J, LIN C J, HAO W J, et al. Current status and suggestions for the construction of power battery standard system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 313-320.
3	YOKOYAMA A, OSAKA T, IMANISHI Y, et al. Thermal management system for electric vehicles[J]. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing, 2011, 4(1): 1277-1285.
4	LEE J T, KWON S, LIM Y, et al. Effect of air-conditioning on driving range of electric vehicle for various driving modes[C]//SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013.
5	王正, 张俊华. 欧盟汽车空调指令对汽车企业的影响分析[J]. 制冷与空调(四川), 2014, 28(4): 491-495.
	WANG Z, ZHANG J H. The effect analysis of EU vehicle air-condition directives to civil automobile companies[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2014, 28(4): 491-495.
6	王雷, 窦艳伟, 王黎. 美国SNAP在制冷剂HCFC替代中的作用[J]. 电器, 2016(2): 64-65.
7	LORENTZEN G, PETTERSEN J. A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1993, 16(1): 4-12.
8	ARAL M C, SUHERMANTO M, HOSOZ M. Performance evaluation of an automotive air conditioning and heat pump system using R1234yf and R134a[J]. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2021, 27(1): 44-60.
9	SHI J Y,GAO T Y,LU B Q,et al. Researches on heat pump system using rotary compressor in electric vehicle[C]// 16th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference, 2016.
10	YU B B, YANG J Y, WANG D D, et al. An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle[J]. Energy, 2019, 189: doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116147.
11	李敏霞, 马一太, 李丽新, 苏维城. CO₂跨临界循环制冷压缩机的研究进展[J]. 压缩机技术, 2004(5): 38-42.
	LI M X, MA Y T, LI L X, et al. Reviews of refrigeration compressor in CO₂ transcritical cycle[J]. Compressor Technology, 2004(5): 38-42.
12	PETTERSEN J, HAFNER A, SKAUGEN G, et al. Development of compact heat exchangers for CO₂ air-conditioning systems[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1998, 21(3): 180-193.
13	YANG J L, MA Y T, LI M X, et al. Exergy analysis of transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle with an expander[J]. Energy, 2005, 30(7): 1162-1175.
14	RIGOLA J, ABLANQUE N, PÉREZ-SEGARRA C D, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of internal heat exchanger influence on CO₂ trans-critical cycle performance[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(4): 664-674.
15	ROBINSON D M, GROLL E A. Efficiencies of transcritical CO₂ cycles with and without an expansion turbine[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1998, 21(7): 577-589.
16	RIGOLA J, ABLANQUE N, PÉREZ-SEGARRA C D, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of internal heat exchanger influence on CO₂ trans-critical cycle performance[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(4): 664-674.
17	CHO H, RYU C, KIM Y. Cooling performance of a variable speed CO₂ cycle with an electronic expansion valve and internal heat exchanger[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2007, 30(4): 664-671.
18	TORRELLA E, SÁNCHEZ D, LLOPIS R, et al. Energetic evaluation of an internal heat exchanger in a CO₂ transcritical refrigeration plant using experimental data[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2011, 34(1): 40-49.
19	赵玲华, 魏新利, 杨凌晓, 等. 回热对跨临界CO₂热泵系统性能影响的实验研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2020, 41(1): 186-195.
	ZHAO L H, WEI X L, YANG L X, et al. Experimental study on the compacts of regenerative heat on the performance of the transcritical CO₂ heat pump system[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2020, 41(1): 186-195.
20	CHEN Y, GU J J. The optimum high pressure for CO₂ transcritical refrigeration systems with internal heat exchangers[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2005, 28(8): 1238-1249.
21	LU S X, LIANG R B, ZHANG J L, et al. Performance improvement of solar photovoltaic/thermal heat pump system in winter by employing vapor injection cycle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 155: 135-146.
22	何俊, 陶乐仁, 虞中旸. 降低制冷系统压缩机排气温度的方法研究[J]. 轻工机械, 2018, 36(2): 77-81.
	HE J, TAO L R, YU Z Y. Research on method of reducing compressor exhaust temperature in refrigeration system[J]. Light Industry Machinery, 2018, 36(2): 77-81.
23	BAEK C, LEE E, KANG H, et al. Experimental study on the heating performance of a CO₂ heat pump with gas injection[C]// International and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, 2008.
24	CHO H, BAEK C, PARK C, et al. Performance evaluation of a two-stage CO₂ cycle with gas injection in the cooling mode operation[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2009, 32(1): 40-46.
25	HEO J, JEONG M W, KIM Y. Effects of flash tank vapor injection on the heating performance of an inverter-driven heat pump for cold regions[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(4): 848-855.
26	TELLO-OQUENDO F M, NAVARRO-PERIS E, GONZÁLVEZ-MACIÁ J. Comparison of the performance of a vapor-injection scroll compressor and a two-stage scroll compressor working with high pressure ratios[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 160: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114023.
27	WANG X, YU J L, XING M B. Performance analysis of a new ejector enhanced vapor injection heat pump cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 100: 242-248.
28	JUNG J, JEON Y, CHO W, et al. Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles[J]. Energy, 2020, 193: doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116751.
29	SUZUKI T, ISHII K. Air conditioning system for electric vehicle[C]//SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996.
30	何贤, 胡静, 钱程, 等. 纯电动汽车两种热泵空调系统的实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2018, 39(3): 79-84.
	HE X, HU J, QIAN C, et al. Experimental study on two kinds of heat-pump air-conditioning system used in pure electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 39(3): 79-84.
31	ITOH S,IRITANI K. Heat pump type refrigerant cycle system for electric vehicle air conditioner: US 6237351-B1[P]. 2001-05-29.
32	HIGUCHI Y, KOBAYASHI H, SHAN Z W, et al. Efficient heat pump system for PHEV/BEV[C]//SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017.
33	徐晓斌, 徐业飞, 张恒运, 等. 风冷电池模组热性能及成组效率的多目标优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(2): 553-562.
	XU X B, XU Y F, ZHANG H Y, et al. Multiobjective optimization of thermal performance and grouping efficiency for air cooling battery module[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(2): 553-562.
34	胡志林, 张天强, 杨钫. 苹果电动汽车热管理技术研究[J]. 汽车文摘, 2021(1): 37-41.
	HU Z L, ZHANG T Q, YANG F. Research on thermal management technology of apple electric vehicle[J]. Automotive Digest, 2021(1): 37-41.

物性	R134a	R1234yf	R744	R290
分子式	CH₂FCF₃	C₃H₂F₄	CO₂	C₃H₈
沸点/℃	-26.1	-29.4	-78.5	-42.2
临界温度/℃	101.1	94.7	31.1	96.7
临界压力/MPa	4.1	3.4	7.4	4.2
安全等级	A1	A2L	A1	A3
ODP	0	0	0	0
GWP	1300	4	1	3

[1]	Guanghua WU, Hongsheng LI, Fei LI, Bo CHEN, Shike ZHANG. Research on the prediction of carbon emissions in the whole life cycle of electric vehicles considering time correlation [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2206-2212.
[2]	Yan ZHANG, Wei HAN, Chuang SONG, Shuangyi YANG. Joint planning and operation optimization of photovoltaic-storage- charging integrated station containing electric vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1502-1511.
[3]	Jun WANG, Lin RUAN, Yanliang QIU. Research progress on rapid heating methods for lithium-ion battery in low-temperature [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.
[4]	Feiyue TAO, Huanran WANG, Ruixiong LI, Jing ZHAO, Gangqiang GE, Xin HE, Hao CHEN. Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heating and power system coupled with carbon dioxide energy storage utilizing environmental recooling [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1492-1501.
[5]	Miao WU, Guiqing ZHAO, Zhongzhu QIU, Baofeng WANG. Preparation and electrochemical properties of NiCo₂O₄ as a novel cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(3): 1019-1025.
[6]	Siyan LIU, Bihua HU. Model predictive control for bidirectional DC-DC converter of hydrogen fuel vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2046-2052.
[7]	Yi'nan ZHU, Taolin LÜ, Zhiyun ZHAO, Wen YANG. State of charge estimation of lithium ion battery based on parallel Kalman filter [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2352-2362.
[8]	Xiaogang WU, Zhihao CUI, Yizhao SUN, Kun ZHANG, Jiuyu DU. Charging strategy and thermal management technology of power battery in high power charging process of electric vehicle [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2218-2234.
[9]	Dekun FU, Wenji SONG, Mingbiao CHEN, Ziping FENG. Techno-economic analysis of seasonal cold storage technology and its application in protected agriculture [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2385-2391.
[10]	Xu LIU, Xuqing YANG, Zhan LIU. A novel liquid energy storage system based on a carbon dioxide mixture [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1806-1814.
[11]	Yiran LI, Wen LI, Xueyu CHANG, Zhitao ZUO, Hui LI, Haisheng CHEN. Modeling of similar characteristics of turbo-expander in supercritical CO₂ energy storage based on different working fluids [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1815-1823.
[12]	Lexuan LI, Yujie XU, Zhao YIN, Huan GUO, Xianrong ZHANG, Haisheng CHEN, Xuezhi ZHOU. Exergy destruction characteristics of a supercritical carbon-dioxide energy storage system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1824-1834.
[13]	Yingying WANG, Dekun FU, Mingbiao CHEN, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG. Economy of ice source heat pump clean heating system in cold winter zone [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1380-1387.
[14]	Chao ZHANG, Kai KANG, Sheng LU, Xinyu QIN, Yanbo HUANG, Zhengtian LI. Economic scheduling of renewable energy storage plants with integrated thermal management of energy storage systems and battery life [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1353-1363.
[15]	Yanjuan LU, Youqin CHEN, Tinglong PAN. Community microgrid energy management considering electric vehicles and demand response [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 617-623.

Review of CO₂ heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 12

References 34

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments