Analysis of new energy storage policies and business models in China and abroad

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0276

Abstract

Abstract:

The development of energy storage technologies is still in its early stages, and a series of policies have been formulated in China and abroad to support energy storage development. Compared to China, developed countries such as Europe, the United States, and Australia have more mature policies and business models related to energy storage. Furthermore, their energy storage projects have better economic efficiency. Mature market rules and good economic performance are more conducive to the healthy and sustainable development of the energy storage industry. Comparing energy storage policies and business models of China and foreign countries, and analyzing the energy storage development shortcomings in China, has essential reference significance for developing the energy storage industry in China. This article first introduces the relevant support policies in electricity prices, planning, financial and tax subsidies, market rules, etc., in Europe, the United States, and Australia, and analyzes the pre-meter and post-meter energy storage business models in major countries. Secondly, this article summarizes the relevant policies introduced by China in energy storage planning, participation in the electricity market, financial and tax subsidies, mandatory new energy storage, and electricity prices. Moreover, it analyzes the business models of new energy distribution and storage, user-side energy storage, controlling frequency of thermal energy storage, independent energy storage, and other scenarios. Finally, inspiration is drawn for China's energy storage policies and market mechanisms by comparing energy storage policies and business models of China and foreign countries. It is proposed that China should improve and optimize its energy storage policies by increasing financial and tax subsidies, reducing the forced energy storage allocation, accelerating the progress of energy storage contribution to the electricity spot market, and increasing the types of electricity market services in which energy storage can participate.

Key words: new energy storage, policies, business models

CLC Number:

TK 02

Yuefeng LU, Zuogang GUO, Yu GU, Min XU, Tong LIU. Analysis of new energy storage policies and business models in China and abroad[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 3019-3032.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1

Table 2

UK electricity market services"

服务种类	市场/服务	描述
频率响应服务	固定频率响应(FFR)	对频率变化的动态或静态响应，月度招标。有两个FFR类型：①动态：是一种持续提供的服务，用于管理系统的逐秒变动；②静态：通常是在定义的频率偏差下触发的离散服务
	静态低频	为了减少无法预测月度计划的资产的进入壁垒，静态低频(LFS)是FFR每周拍卖中可用的两种服务类型之一
	动态低-高频	为了减少无法预测月度计划的资产的进入壁垒。动态低-高频(DLH)是FFR每周拍卖中可用的两种服务类型之一
	动态遏制	动态遏制(DC)是一种快速作用的故障后服务，在发生故障时将频率控制在±0.5 Hz的法定范围内，只有当频率超出操作限制(±0.2 Hz)时才会激活。有两种不同的服务可以独立提供：①动态遏制低频；②动态遏制高频
	动态调节	动态调节(DR)是一种故障前服务，旨在缓慢纠正连续但较小的频率偏差。其目的是在50 Hz的目标附近持续调节频率
	动态稳定	动态稳定(DM)是一种故障前服务，旨在快速提供服务，目的是将频率保持在操作限制范围内，有助于通过快速响应来管理突然出现的大规模失衡
备用服务	快速备用	快速备用通过增加发电输出或减少需求消耗，提供快速可靠的有功功率输送
	慢速备用	慢速备用是一种故障后服务，旨在提供不同的正备用和负备用，并支持ESO在15分钟内将频率恢复到±0.2 Hz的义务。有两种不同的服务可以独立提供：①负慢速备用；②正慢速备用
	短暂备用	短暂备用是一种快速备用产品，旨在弥补动态遏制、动态调节和动态稳定的新频率响应服务与较慢备用产品之间的调节服务
	短期运行备用	当输电网络需求大于预测时，短期运行备用向ESO提供额外的电力(发电或减少需求的有功电力)
	需求增加	需求增加服务鼓励大型能源用户和发电商在可再生能源产量高、国家需求低时增加需求或减少发电。这种情况通常发生在夏季的夜间和周末下午
	超级最小输出功率	超级最小输出功率通过降低同步发电机的最低发电水平，直接降低与系统同步的发电机的最低功率输出水平或最小稳定输出功率之和
	平衡装置启动服务	平衡装置启动服务是国家电网在平衡机制中接入发电的一种机制，该装置不计划运行(参与者通常当天不可用)。该服务包含两个要素：①平衡装置启动将平衡装置单元带到可以在平衡机制时间范围内同步的状态；②热备用是指将平衡装置单元保持在这种准备同步的状态
	替代备用	替代备用是参与的欧洲输电系统运营商之间的一项协调服务，用于提供有功功率的增加和减少
无功功率服务	强制性无功功率服务	强制性无功功率服务(ORPS)提供变化的无功功率输出。在任何给定的输出处，可以指示发电机产生或吸收无功功率，以帮助管理靠近其连接点的系统电压。《电网规范》要求涵盖的所有发电机都必须具备提供无功功率的能力
系统安全服务	联跳闸	联跳闸服务是一种自动控制，在系统故障事件发生后，发电量可能会减少或断开。这项服务可以作为一种必要连接条件，也可以根据商业安排提供
	黑启动	黑启动是指在国家输电系统全部或部分关闭的情况下恢复电力的服务
	最大发电量	最大发电量需要在系统承压期间提供额外的短期发电输出，以实现系统平衡。此服务允许访问发电机正常运行范围之外的未使用容量
容量市场	容量市场	容量市场是一种通过可靠的容量来源来确保电力供应安全的服务
电力批发市场	日前和日内交易	日前和日内批发市场交易是从其他市场方出售和购买电力

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Fig. 1

Table 9

Fig. 2

Table 10

Table 11

References 46

1	田聿申. 全球典型国家碳中和目标实现路径对我国的启示[J]. 中国能源, 2021, 43(9): 80-88.
	TIAN Y S. Enlightenment of the realization path of carbon neutrality goal in typical countries in the world to China[J]. Energy of China, 2021, 43(9): 80-88.
2	高学睿, 史云鹏, 王雪松, 等. 欧美电力行业低碳发展路径分析及启示[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(7): 48-55.
	GAO X R, SHI Y P, WANG X S, et al. Analysis and enlightenment of low-carbon development path of power industry in Europe and America[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(7): 48-55.
3	The World Bank. Commodity markets[EB/OL]. (2022-06-02)[2022-06-19]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets.
4	中关村储能产业技术联盟. 储能产业研究白皮书2023(摘要版)[R/OL]. [2023-04-12]. https://cpnn.‍com.‍cn/news/baogao2023/202307/W020230725381488198635.pdf.
	China Energy Storage Alliance.Energy storage industry research white paper 2023 (summary version) [R/OL]. [2023-04-12]. https://cpnn.com.cn/news/baogao2023/202307/W020230725381488198635.pdf.
5	李敬如, 万志伟, 宋毅, 等. 国外新型储能政策研究及对中国储能发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2022, 55(11): 1-9.
	LI J R, WAN Z W, SONG Y, et al. Research on new type energy storage policies of overseas countries and inspirations to energy storage development in China[J]. Electric Power, 2022, 55(11): 1-9.
6	李明, 郑云平, 亚夏尔⋅吐尔洪, 等. 新型储能政策分析与建议[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(6): 2022-2031.
	LI M, ZHENG Y P, ARTHUR T, et al. Analysis and suggestions on new energy storage policy[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(6): 2022-2031.
7	European Association for Storage of Energy. EMMES 7.0 - March 2023 [EB/OL]. [2023-04-05]. https://ease-storage.eu/publication/emmes-7-0-march-2023.
8	European Energy Exchange. Power indices[EB/OL]. [2023-04-03]. https://www.eex.com/en/market-data/power/indices.
9	European Commission. Factsheet-Emergency intervention[EB/OL]. [2022-09-14]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/fs_22_5491.
10	European Commission. Delivering the European green deal[EB/OL]. [2021-07-14]. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en.
11	European Commission. Key documents: REPowerEU[EB/OL]. [2022-05-18]. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/key-documents-repowereu_en.
12	European Battery Alliance. Joint statement high-level industrial meeting of the European battery alliance[EB/OL]. [2022-03-29]. https://8941304.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/8941304/High-Level%20Industrial%20Meeting%20Joint%20Statement/Joint%20Statement%20EBA%20HL%20Industrial%20Meeting%2023%20March%202022-Final1.pdf.
13	Deutscher Bundestag. Entwurf eines jahressteuergesetzes 2022 (JStG 2022) [EB/OL]. [2022-11-30]. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/047/2004729.pdf.
14	HM Government. Government boost for new renewable energy storage technologies [EB/OL]. [2022-02-23]. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-boost-for-new-renewable-energy-storage-technologies?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter
15	李晨飞, 黄辉, 岳芬. 山东省新型储能政策与商业模式解析[J]. 中外能源, 2022, 27(11): 86-92.
	LI C F, HUANG H, YUE F. Analysis of new energy storage policies and business models of Shandong Province[J]. Sino-Global Energy, 2022, 27(11): 86-92.
16	National Grid ESO. Storage for constraint management [EB/OL]. [2022-3-16]. https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/247586/download.
17	National Grid ESO. Potential electricity storage routes to 2050[EB/OL]. [2022-12-12]. https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/273166/download.
18	朱寰, 徐健翔, 刘国静, 等. 英国储能相关政策机制与商业模式及对我国的启示[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 370-378.
	ZHU H, XU J X, LIU G J, et al. UK policy mechanisms and business models for energy storage and their applications to China[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 370-378.
19	National Grid ESO. Review of the balancing market[EB/OL]. [2022-6-15]. https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/263916/download.
20	袁性忠, 胡斌, 郭凡, 等. 欧盟储能政策和市场规则及对我国的启示[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2344-2353.
	YUAN X Z, HU B, GUO F, et al. EU energy storage policies and market mechanism and its reference to China[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2344-2353.
21	Bundesministerium Für Wirtschaft und Energie. Batteriespeicher in Netzen[EB/OL]. [2022-09-21]. https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Studien/studie-batteriespeicher-in-netzen-schlussbericht.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=14.
22	Congress of the United States. Inflation reduction act[EB/OL].[2022-08-15]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-117hr5376enr/uslm/BILLS-117hr5376enr.xml.
23	The Department of Energy. America's strategy to secure the supply chain for a robust clean energy transition[EB/OL]. [2022-2-24]. https://www.energy.gov/policy/articles/americas-strategy-secure-supply-chain-robust-clean-energy-transition.
24	The White House. FACT SHEET: Biden-harris administration driving U.S. battery manufacturing and good-paying jobs[EB/OL]. [2022-10-19]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/10/19/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-driving-u-s-battery-manufacturing-and-good-paying-jobs/.
25	The Department of Energy. Funding notice: Long-duration energy storage demonstrations[EB/OL]. [2022-11-14]. https://www.energy.gov/oced/funding-notice-long-duration-energy-storage-demonstrations.
26	The American Clean Power Association.U.S. energy storage monitor/2022 executive summary[EB/OL]. [2023-03-12]. https://storage.pardot.com/131501/1678799258s8JG50DV/US_ESM_Q12023_executivesummary.pdf.
27	The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Electric storage participation in markets operated by regional transmission organizations and independent system operators[EB/OL]. (2020-12-16)[2022-03-30]. https://www.ferc.gov/media/order-no-841.
28	U.S. Energy Information Administration. Battery systems on the U.S. power grid are increasingly used to respond to price[EB/OL]. [2022-07-27]. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=53199.
29	National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Storage futures study distributed solar and storage outlook: Methodology and scenarios. [EB/OL]. [2021-07-27]. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79790.pdf
30	U.S. Energy Information Administration. Levelized costs of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2022[EB/OL]. [2023-03-03]. https://www.‍eia.‍gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf.
31	Australian Energy Market Operator. Quarterly energy dynamics Q3 2022[EB/OL]. [2022-10-27]. https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/qed/2022/qed-q3-2022.pdf?la=en.
32	Australian Energy Market Operator. Quarterly energy dynamics Q4 2022[EB/OL]. [2023-01-25]. https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/qed/2022/qed-q4-2022.pdf?la=en.
33	Australian Energy Market Commission. National electricity rules[EB/OL]. [2022-12-21]. https://energy-rules.aemc.gov.au/ner/431.
34	Australian Energy Market Operator. 2022 Integrated system plan[EB/OL]. [2022-06-30]. https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2022/2022-documents/2022-integrated-system-plan-isp.pdf?la=en.
35	Australian Government. Australian renewable energy agency amendment (powering Australia) regulations 2022[EB/OL]. [2022-07-21]. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2022L01004.
36	Australian Renewable Energy Agency. New funding for ARENA in federal budget[EB/OL]. [2022-10-27]. https://arena.gov.au/news/new-funding-for-arena-in-federal-budget/.
37	Australian Renewable Energy Agency. ARENA backs eight big batteries to bolster grid[EB/OL]. [2022-12-17]. https://arena.gov.au/blog/arena-backs-eight-big-batteries-to-bolster-grid/.
38	刘国静, 李冰洁, 胡晓燕, 等. 澳大利亚储能相关政策与电力市场机制及对我国的启示[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2332-2343.
	LIU G J, LI B J, HU X Y, et al. Australia policy mechanisms and business models for energy storage and their applications to China[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2332-2343.
39	Australian Energy Regulator. Wholesale electricity market performance report 2022[EB/OL]. [2022-12-15]. https://www.aer.gov.au/wholesale-markets/performance-reporting/wholesale-electricity-market-performance-report-2022.
40	Australian Energy Market Commission. Turning point for incentives to invest in residential batteries[EB/OL]. [2022-10-25]. https://www.aemc.gov.au/turning-point-incentives-invest-residential-batteries.
41	国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 关于加快推动新型储能发展的指导意见[EB/OL]. [2021-07-23]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1706063062103896840&wfr=spider&for=pc.
	National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration. Guiding opinions on accelerating the development of new energy storage[EB/OL]. [2021-07-23]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1706063062103896840&wfr=spider&for=pc.
42	国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. "十四五"现代能源体系规划[EB/OL]. [2022-03-22]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202203/t20220322_1320016.html?state=123.
	National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration. Modern energy system planning for the 14th five year plan [EB/OL]. [2022-03-22]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202203/t20220322_1320016.html?state=123.
43	国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 关于进一步推动新型储能参与电力市场和调度运用的通知[EB/OL]. [2022-06-07]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202206/t20220607_1326855_ext.html.
	National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration. Notice on further promoting the participation of new energy storage in the electricity market and dispatching application[EB/OL]. [2022-06-07]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202206/t20220607_1326855_ext.html.
44	国家能源局山西监管办公室. 山西电力一次调频市场交易实施细则(试行)[EB/OL]. [2022-05-25]. http://sxb.nea.gov.cn/adminContent/initViewContent.do?pk=4028fa8180d075d00180fabb04240025.
	Shanxi Energy Regulatory Office of National Energy Administration of the People's Republic of China. Implementation rules for trading in shanxi electric power primary frequency regulation market (trial) [EB/OL]. [2022-05-25]. http://sxb.nea.gov.cn/adminContent/initViewContent.do?pk=4028fa8180d075d00180fabb04240025.
45	河南省发展和改革委员会. 加快我省新型储能发展的实施意见(征求意见稿)[EB/OL]. [2023-04-25]. https://www.kesolar.com/headline/227045.html.
	Henan Provincial Development and Reform Commission. Implementation opinions on accelerating the development of new energy storage in henan province (draft for soliciting opinions)[EB/OL]. [2023-04-25]. https://www.kesolar.com/headline/227045.html.
46	国家能源局甘肃监管办公室. 甘肃省电力辅助服务市场运营规则(试行)[EB/OL]. [2023-01-05].http://gsb.nea.gov.cn/view.asp?id=7005.
	Gansu Energy Regulatory Office of National Energy Administration. Gansu province electric power auxiliary service market operation rules (trial)[EB/OL]. [2023-01-05]. http://gsb.nea.gov.cn/view.asp?id=7005.

政策	德国	意大利	西班牙	法国	荷兰	葡萄牙	比利时
市场收入上限(CAP)	已通过	未启动	已通过	已通过	已通过	已通过	已通过
团结税/暴利税	已提案	已通过	已提案	未启动	已提案	已提案	已提案

服务种类	市场/服务	最大响应时间	最小容量	最大容量	最小持续时间	恢复时间
频率响应服务	固定频率响应(静态)	30秒(二次响应)	1 MW	N/A	30分钟	N/A
	固定频率响应(动态)	2秒启动，10秒满发(初次)， 30秒(二次)，10秒(高频)	1 MW	N/A	20秒(初次)，30分钟(二次)，无限期(高频)	N/A
	静态低频	10秒满发	1 MW	每台20 MW 参与招标	30分钟	N/A
	动态低-高频	1 MW 2秒启动，10秒满发(初次)，30秒(二次)，10秒(高频)	1 MW	每台20 MW 参与招标	30秒(初次)，30分钟 (二次)，无限期(高频)	N/A
	动态遏制	1秒(满发)，不超过0.5秒	—	100 MW/台	连续的跨合同交付。对于容量有限的资产(如电池)：15分钟满合同容量	30分钟内达到响应能量的20%
	动态调节	2秒(最大爬坡启动)， 10秒内满发	1 MW	100 MW/台	容量有限的资产60分钟	30分钟内达到响应能量的20%
	动态稳定	0.5秒(最大爬坡面启动)， 1秒内满发	1 MW	100 MW/台	容量有限的资产30分钟	30分钟内达到响应能量的20%
平衡备用服务	快速备用	2分钟	25 MW	N/A	>15分钟	N/A
	慢速备用	15分钟	1 MW	—	120分钟	30分钟
	短暂备用	30秒	1 MW	—	20分钟	—
	短期运行备用	20分钟	3 MW	N/A	2～4小时	1200分钟
	需求增加	6小时	1 MW	N/A	3.5～4.5小时	N/A
	超级最小输出功率	6小时	10 MW	N/A	N/A	N/A
	替代备用	30分钟	1 MW	N/A	15分钟	N/A
无功功率服务	强制性无功功率服务	2分钟	—	—	N/A	N/A
系统安全服务	联跳闸	100毫秒	—	—	—	—
系统安全服务	黑启动	接到指令后2小时	—	—	—	—
容量市场	容量市场	4小时	1 MW	N/A	0.5小时	N/A
电力批发市场	日前和日内交易	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

家庭参数	净用电量/kWh	10 kW光伏系统自供电率	10 kW光伏+7.5 kWh电池储能的自供电率
4人家庭	3,910	8%	23%
拥有电动汽车	8,160	10%	29%
拥有热泵	8,420	20%	34%
拥有电动汽车和热泵	12,670	22%	39%

储能种类	2022年	2023年	2024—2032年	2033年	2034年	2035年	2036年
户用(更新前)	26%	22%	10%	10%	10%	10%	0%
工商业(更新前)	22%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
户用(更新后)	30%	30%	30%	26%	22.5%	15%	15%
工商业(更新后)	30%	30%	30%	26%	22%	0%	0%

附加条款	内容
附加条款1	满足现行工资(美国劳工部长确定的项目现场类似工作的工资)要求，项目业主必须确保承包商和分包商雇用的任何劳工和技工不仅在施工期间获得现行工资，而且在适用的税收抵免期内可能需要的任何维修或改造也获得现行工资
附加条款2	满足学徒制要求，项目所有者确保建造项目所花费的总劳动时间的一定比例(2022年施工为10%，2023年施工为12.5%，2024年之后为15%)由“合格学徒”完成，这些学徒参加了符合某些联邦要求的注册学徒计划，所需工时的百分比取决于项目开始施工的年份