Comparative analysis of heat and gas production characteristics during thermal runaway of semisolid and liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0371

Abstract

Abstract:

Replacing traditional liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes is a critical strategy for enhancing the intrinsic safety of lithium-ion batteries. To evaluate the impact of electrolyte solidification on heat and gas generation during thermal runaway, this study compares commercially available semi-solid electrolyte lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP-SS) with liquid electrolyte lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP-L) and liquid electrolyte ternary battery (NCM523). The results show that the thermal runaway initiation temperature of LFP-SS does not exceed 220 ℃, while its peak temperature exceeds 470 ℃, suggesting slightly lower thermal safety than LFP-L. The unit capacity gas production of LFP-SS after thermal runaway is 0.541 L/Ah, which is higher than that of LFP-L. However, both batteries produce mixed gases with similar compositions, although the explosion limit range of LFP-SS is narrower. Compared with the 45 Ah semisolid electrolyte LFP soft pack battery, the large-capacity LFP-SS cell exhibits intensified thermal hazards but reduced explosion risk. The NCM523 battery demonstrates significantly lower thermal stability and safety than both LFP types, with gas production per unit capacity 3.4—4.2 times higher. However, its hydrogen content is approximately half that of the LFP batteries, and its explosion limit range is also narrower.

Key words: battery, semi-solid electrolyte, thermal runaway, heat generation, gas generation

CLC Number:

X 913.4

Ye CHEN, Jin LI, Yuxi CHU, Chang MA, Ping ZHUO. Comparative analysis of heat and gas production characteristics during thermal runaway of semisolid and liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(10): 3982-3989.

Figures/Tables 8

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参数	LFP-SS1	LFP-SS2	LFP-L	NCM523
尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm	207×174×72	207×174×72	207×174×72	194×110×50.7
标称容量/Ah	314	280	314	163
标称能量/Wh	1005	896	1005	610
工作电压/V	2.50~3.65	2.50~3.65	2.50~3.65	2.80~4.35
质量/kg	5.60	5.48	5.62	2.45
荷电状态/%	100	100	100	100

电池类型	爆炸下限/%	爆炸上限/%
LFP-SS1	5.14	59.79
LFP-SS2	5.33	57.27
LFP-L	5.15	61.63
NCM	5.69	55.80