Fig. 1

(a) Contour planes of velocity in the electrode domain; (b) Simulated velocity contour plots on electrode/current collector interface[18]"

Fig. 2

Distribution of (a) overpotential, (b) local current density and (c) vanadium concentration for interdigitated and serpentine flow field[20]"

Fig. 3

(a)-(c) Simulated velocity contour plots in different cell geometries; (d) Schematic plan view of radially displaced flow battery concept; (e) Comparison of average and maximum limiting current densities for different cell geometries[22]"

Fig. 4

Concentration polarization distributions over different flow-based felt designs at the current densities of (a) 150 mA/cm2, (b) 175 mA/cm2 and (c) 200 mA/cm2 [24]"

Fig. 5

Stress distributions (Pa) for the halved 10-cell and 30-cell stacks with the small gasket design under a clamping force of 550 kN[25]"

Fig. 6

Failure probability analysis for the 20-cell stack under different clamping forces[26]"

Fig. 7

Simulated charging profiles at 60 A for the 15 kW VFB stack. (a) Concentration variation; (b) Cell voltage; (c) Internal cell current affected by shunt current; (d) Manifold and channel resistances[28]"

Fig. 8

Simulated battery temperature variation with 100 A charging current and 130 A discharging current under a varying air temperature range from -20 ℃ to 0 ℃ [30]"

Fig. 9

Graphical user interface to predict RFB efficiency and battery temperature"

Fig. 10

Effect of transport delay on SOC in 250 kW module (a) and on cell voltages in a flow cell (b)[37]"

Fig. 11

Effect of different feeding modes on the 8 stacks VFB module[37]"

Fig. 12

Comparisons of voltage curves and performance of the mini-module for two different module layouts[38]"