Research on low-temperature pulse heating of a battery based on an electrochemical-thermal coupled model

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0342

Abstract

Abstract:

In low-temperature environments, the performance of lithium-ion batteries is degraded, making charging and discharging difficult, which seriously affects the use of electric vehicles. The use of pulse heating is an effective strategy to solve this problem. Therefore, in this paper, a ternary lithium-ion battery was used, after which we established an electrochemical-thermal coupling model by comparing the experimental and simulated values from the discharge voltage and temperature rise curves, including those of the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of the lithium-ion battery. Then, a simulation analysis of an ion battery under pulsed heating was conducted, followed by heat production distribution at ambient temperature. The results showed that the temperature rise of the 4 C pulse-heated battery was 2.25 times higher than that of the 2 C-pulse-heated battery at -8 ℃ ambient temperature, with ohmic heat and polarization heat determining the size of the total heat production. We also observed that although the lower the ambient temperature, the more severe the polarization of the lithium-ion battery, the polarization moderated as the pulse progressed. Pulse heating at a high pulse current and a lower temperature also had a larger temperature rise rate. Hence, after pulse heating, the battery surface's maximum temperature was at the geometric centre's lower position, the maximum temperature difference did not exceed 2 ℃, and the temperature uniformity was good.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, low temperature performance, pulse heating, electrochemical-thermal coupled model, temperature distribution

CLC Number:

TM 911

Dongdong ZHANG, Hua WEN, Hongwei OUYANG. Research on low-temperature pulse heating of a battery based on an electrochemical-thermal coupled model[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(12): 3957-3964.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1

Table 1

Electrochemical model basic equations and boundary conditions"

方程名称	控制方程和边界条件
固相质量守恒	$∂ c 1 ∂ t + 1 r 2 ∂ ∂ r (- r 2 D 1 ∂ c 1 ∂ r) = 0$ ; $∂ c 1 ∂ t \| r = 0 = 0$ ; $- D 1 ∂ c 1 ∂ r \| r = R p = j l o c F$
液相质量守恒	$ε 2 ∂ c 2 ∂ t = ∂ ∂ x (D 2 e f f ∂ c 2 ∂ x) + (1 - t +) S a j l o c F$ ; $S a = 3 ε 1 R p$ ; $D 2 e f f = D 2 ε 2 1.5$ ; $∂ c 2 ∂ x \| x = 0 = ∂ c 2 ∂ x \| x = L = 0$
固相电荷守恒	$∂ ∂ x (- σ 1 e f f ∂ φ 1 ∂ x) = - S a j l o c$ ; $σ 1 e f f = σ 1 ε 1 1.5$ ; $φ 1 \| x = 0 = 0$ ; $- σ 1 e f f ∂ φ 1 ∂ x \| x = L n + L s + L p = - I a p p$ ; $- σ 1, n e f f ∂ φ 1 ∂ x \| x = L n = - σ 1, p e f f ∂ φ 1 ∂ x \| x = L n + L s = 0$
液相质量守恒	$∇ [- σ 2 e f f ∇ φ 2 + 2 R T σ 2 e f f F (1 + ∂ l n f ± ∂ l n c 2) (1 - t +) ∇ (l n c 2)] = S a j l o c$ ; $σ 2 e f f = σ 2 ε 2 1.5$ ; $K j u n c = 2 R T F (1 + ∂ l n f ± ∂ l n c 2) (1 - t +) = 2 R T F υ$ ; $∂ φ 2 ∂ x \| x = 0 = ∂ φ 2 ∂ x \| x = L n + L s + L p = 0$
电极过程动力学	$j l o c = i 0 e x p (α a F R T η) - e x p (α c F R T η)$ ; $η = φ 1 - φ 2 - U$ ; $i 0 = F k 0 c 2 α a (c 1, m a x - c 1, s u r f) α a c 1, s u r f α c$ ; $U = U r e f + (T - T r e f) d U d T$
能量守恒	$ρ C p ∂ T ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ (- λ ∇ T) = Q r e a + Q a c t + Q o h m$ ; $Q r e a = S a j l o c T ∂ U ∂ T = S a j l o c T Δ S F$ ; $Q a c t = S a j l o c η$ ; $Q o h m = σ 1 e f f ∇ φ 1 ⋅ ∇ φ 1 + [σ 2 e f f ∇ φ 2 - 2 R T σ 2 e f f F (1 + ∂ l n f ± ∂ l n c 2) (1 - t +) ∇ (l n c 2)] ⋅ ∇ φ 2$ ; $- λ ∂ T ∂ x \| x = 0 = - λ ∂ T ∂ x \| x = L n + L s + L p = h (T - T a m b)$

Table 1

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描述	参数	阴极	隔膜	阳极
颗粒半径	r_p/μm	8.5	—	12.5
电极体积分数	ε₁	0.435	—	0.56
电解液体积分数	ε₂	0.28	0.4	0.3
厚度	L/μm	99	32	72
最大固相锂离子浓度	c_1,max/(mol/m³)	36100	—	30100
初始电解液锂离子浓度	c_2,0/(mol/m³)	1200	1200	1200
阳极/阴极电荷交换系数	α_a/α_c	0.5	—	0.5
电极参考速率常数	k_{0, ref} /[m^2.5/(mol^0.5·s)]	4.38×10^-11	—	1.63×10^-11
固相电导率	σ₁/(S/m)	3.8	—	100
电极参考电导率	D_1,ref/(m²/s)	1×10^-13	—	3.9×10^-14
电极扩散系数	D₁/(m²/s)	—
传递系数	t₊	—	0.363	—
扩散活化能	E_aD/(J/mol)	20000	—	35000
反应活化能	E_aR/(J/mol)	4000	—	4000
液相锂离子扩散系数	D₂/(m²/s)	—
参考温度	T_ref/K	298.15
通用气体常数	R	8.314
法拉第常数	F/(C/mol)	96487

参数	值
尺寸(高×宽×厚)/mm	225×160×9
正极极耳宽度/mm	50
负极极耳宽度/mm	45
极耳长度/mm	15
重量/g	609
额定电压/V	3.7
充电截止电压/V	4.2
放电截止电压/V	2.75
额定容量/Ah	36

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