大型储能电池短路故障分析与保护策略

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0571

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由电池构成的大型储能在清洁能源占比高的电力系统里占有重要地位，电池的短路计算和保护配置十分重要。本文首先提出了单体电池短路模型，并用短路实验验证了模型有效性。在此基础上，推导了簇内和簇间短路的短路电流通用计算公式，计算公式可以广泛应用于任意电池数量的大型储能系统之中，全面地覆盖了各种极间及极地短路情况，在算例中验证理论计算公式与仿真误差在4%以内可以满足保护分析需要。分析了影响短路电流的因素和变化规律，发现了簇内短路时短路点内部电池越多则其他簇和短路点电流越大、簇间短路时模组差对短路电流影响等结论。根据理论计算公式，研究了大型储能电站各种保护方案的利弊，提出了基于熔断器的保护配置方案，并分析了最有利的熔断器安装位置，总结出在此方案下各个熔断器最大短路电流的计算方法。本文提出的保护配置方案覆盖了短路电流计算、器件选型等多个方面，可以广泛应用于各种电池储能电站前期方案设计之中。

关键词: 储能, 电池模型, 短路计算, 保护配置

Abstract:

Consisted of batteries, large storage has a vital role in clean energy high penetration power system, short circuit calculation, and protection configuration are very significant. This study begins by proposing a single battery short circuit model, which is then validated via a short circuit test. On the basis of the model, short circuit calculation formulas inside and between clusters are deducted, which can be implemented widely in a large storage system with arbitrary battery numbers and cover all kinds of short circuit conditions. In this case, the error between theoretical calculation and simulation is <4%, which meets the protection analysis criteria. Factors and change rules of the short circuit are analyzed, the more inter batteries the larger the other clusters and short circuit point current when the fault happens inside the cluster, and module difference affecting short circuit current is proposed. The benefits and drawbacks of different protection schemes are examined, a protective configuration scheme based on fuses is offered, and the ideal fuses installation site is investigated. This scheme summarizes the most important short circuit current estimation techniques for each fuse. The protection configuration scheme proposed by this research covers short circuit current calculation, device selection, and many other aspects, which can be applied widely in the early-stage scheme design of different large storage battery substations.

Key words: storage, battery model, short circuit calculation, protection configuration

中图分类号:

F 407.6

徐光福, 姜淼, 王万纯, 魏阳, 侯炜. 大型储能电池短路故障分析与保护策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2222-2232.

Guangfu XU, Miao JIANG, Wanchun WANG, Yang WEI, Wei HOU. Short circuit fault analysis and protection strategies research of large storage batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2222-2232.

图/表 20

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表1

表2

表3

图7

表4

图8

图9

表5

熔断器最大短路电流计算公式"

熔断器	最大短路电流计算公式
D_p，D_e	$M n E / n R n + M R f$
C_p1～C_pM，C_e1～C_eM	$(M - 1) n E / n R n + M R f$
N₁～N_M	$M a x {(M - 1) n E / [4 M R f + (M + 1) n R n] n E / n R n + M R f}$

表5

参考文献 16

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名称	值
满充电压	3.65 V
直流内阻	0.4 mΩ
短路阻抗	2 mΩ

短路点内模组数量	其他簇电流/kA	簇内电流/kA	故障电流/kA
0	0.00	0.00	0.00
1	0.06	6.62	7.03
2	0.14	7.59	8.59
3	0.24	7.97	9.67
4	0.36	8.17	10.66
5	0.49	8.29	11.70
6	0.64	8.36	12.86
7	0.83	8.40	14.20
8	1.05	8.42	15.79
9	1.33	8.42	17.73
10	1.68	8.40	20.17
11	2.14	8.37	23.35
12	2.77	8.30	27.67
13	3.67	8.19	33.90
14	5.10	8.01	43.69
15	7.67	7.67	61.32

故障点内模组数量	其他簇电流误差	故障点内电流误差	故障点电流误差
3	3.34%	0.80%	0.91%
8	1.54%	1.26%	1.57%
13	1.48%	1.46%	1.50%
15	1.15%	1.15%	0.87%

故障电流位置	理论计算值	仿真值	相对误差
故障点电流	9.829 kA	9.962 kA	1.3%
故障点电压	19.66 V	19.92 V	1.3%
簇1负极电流	2.539 kA	2.572 kA	1.3%
簇2负极电流	5.979 kA	6.063 kA	1.4%

模组号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1	0.00	3.01	4.90	6.37	7.67	8.95	10.28	11.76	13.46	15.50	18.04	21.36	25.92	32.66
2	-3.01	0.00	2.03	3.61	4.98	6.27	7.56	8.94	10.47	12.25	14.41	17.14	20.77	25.92
3	-4.90	-2.03	0.00	1.60	2.98	4.26	5.51	6.81	8.22	9.83	11.73	14.08	17.14	21.36
4	-6.37	-3.16	-1.60	0.00	1.38	2.64	3.86	5.10	6.43	7.91	9.63	11.73	14.41	18.04
5	-7.67	-4.98	-2.98	-1.38	0.00	1.25	2.45	3.65	4.92	6.31	7.91	9.83	12.25	15.50
6	-8.95	-6.27	-4.46	-2.64	-1.25	0.00	1.19	2.36	3.59	4.92	6.43	8.22	10.47	13.46
7	-10.3	-7.56	-5.51	-3.86	-2.45	-1.19	0.00	1.17	2.36	3.65	5.10	6.81	8.94	11.76
8	-11.8	-8.94	-6.81	-5.10	-3.65	-2.36	-1.17	0.00	1.19	2.45	3.86	5.51	7.56	10.28
9	-13.5	-10.5	-8.22	-6.43	-4.92	-3.59	-2.36	-1.19	0.00	1.25	2.64	4.26	6.27	8.95
10	-15.5	-12.3	-9.83	-7.91	-6.31	-4.92	-3.65	-2.45	-1.25	0.00	1.38	2.98	4.98	7.67
11	-18.0	-14.4	-11.7	-9.63	-7.91	-6.43	-5.10	-3.86	-2.64	-1.38	0.00	1.60	3.61	6.37
12	-21.4	-17.1	-14.1	-11.7	-9.83	-8.22	-6.81	-5.51	-4.26	-2.98	-1.60	0.00	2.03	4.90
13	-25.9	-20.8	-17.1	-14.4	-12.3	-10.5	-8.94	-7.56	-6.27	-4.98	-3.61	-2.03	0.00	3.01
14	-32.7	-25.9	-21.4	-18.0	-15.5	-13.5	-11.8	-10.3	-8.95	-7.67	-6.37	-4.90	-3.01	0.00