锂离子电池浸没式冷却技术研究综述

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269

储能科学与技术 ›› 2023, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (9): 2888-2903.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269

锂离子电池浸没式冷却技术研究综述

曾少鸿¹(), 吴伟雄¹(), 刘吉臻¹, 汪双凤², 叶石丰³, 冯振宇³

^1.暨南大学能源电力研究中心，广东珠海 519070
^2.华南理工大学传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室，广东广州 510641
^3.广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局，广东广州 510620

收稿日期:2023-04-25 修回日期:2023-05-16 出版日期:2023-09-05 发布日期:2023-09-16
通讯作者: 吴伟雄 E-mail:1042446057@qq.com;weixiongwu@jnu.edu.cn
作者简介:曾少鸿（1995—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为电池热管理，E-mail：1042446057@qq.com；
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52106244);汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室开放基金课题(KFY2223);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2022A1515011936);珠海市基础与应用基础研究基金(ZH22017003210053PWC);南方电网公司科技项目资助（GDKJXM20230246(030100 KC23020017)

A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries

Shaohong ZENG¹(), Weixiong WU¹(), Jizhen LIU¹, Shuangfeng WANG², Shifeng YE³, Zhenyu FENG³

^1.Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, Guangdong, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
^3.Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co. , Ltd. , Guangzhou 510620, Guangdong, China

Received:2023-04-25 Revised:2023-05-16 Online:2023-09-05 Published:2023-09-16
Contact: Weixiong WU E-mail:1042446057@qq.com;weixiongwu@jnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电池热管理系统对锂离子电池的安全高效运行具有重要意义。浸没式冷却技术较传统热管理技术在温控性能和能效等方面优势明显，而且随着电动汽车和储能电站的快速发展，浸没式冷却系统的研究逐渐受到重视。本文首先从导热性、黏性、密度、安全性、环保性、经济性等角度，系统总结目前常用的五类介电流体：电子氟化液、碳氢化合物、酯类、硅油类和水基流体，指出不同介电流体的优势与劣势。然后依据电池系统工作温度特性，详细评述国内外浸没式冷却在低温预热、常温冷却、热失控抑制方面的研究进展。低温预热研究尚少，常温冷却分为单相液体冷却和气液相变冷却，具有高闪点的介电流体在热失控发展的不同时期均起到抑制作用。最后，介绍了该领域目前的探索或示范性工作，并提出锂离子电池浸没式系统介电流体未来的发展方向。其中，电子氟化液和合成碳氢化合物相对使用成熟，酯类和硅油类的研究较少，水基流体亟需解决电绝缘问题。本文可为电化学储能系统浸没式冷却系统设计提供参考。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 电池热管理, 浸没式冷却, 介电流体

Abstract:

The thermal management system of batteries is of great significance to the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries. Compared with traditional thermal management technology, immersion cooling technology has obvious advantages in controlling temperature and energy efficiency. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, research on immersion cooling systems has gained increasing attention. This paper first systematically summarizes the five commonly used dielectric fluids, including electronic fluorinated fluids, hydrocarbons, esters, silicone oils, and water-based fluids, from thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, safety, environmental protection, and economy perspectives. Then, according to the battery system's operating temperature characteristics, the research progress of immersion cooling in low-temperature preheating, room temperature cooling, and thermal runaway suppression is reviewed in detail. There is still a lack of research on low-temperature preheating. Ambient temperature cooling can be achieved through single-phase liquid cooling or gas-liquid phase change cooling. Dielectric fluids with high flash points may be crucial in suppressing thermal runaway during the battery system failure. Finally, the current progress of this field is introduced, and the future development direction of dielectric fluids for lithium-ion battery immersion systems is proposed. Among them, electronic fluorinated fluids and synthetic hydrocarbons are relatively mature, esters and silicone oils are less studied, and water-based fluids urgently need to solve the electrical insulation problem. This paper can provide a reference for designing an immersion cooling system for electrochemical energy storage systems.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, battery thermal management, immersion cooling, dielectric fluid

中图分类号:

TM 912

曾少鸿, 吴伟雄, 刘吉臻, 汪双凤, 叶石丰, 冯振宇. 锂离子电池浸没式冷却技术研究综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(9): 2888-2903.

Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG. A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2888-2903.

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103	China Southern Power Grid Energy Storage Co., Ltd. The world's first submerged liquid-cooled energy storage power station officially put into operation[EB/OL]. [2023-04-20]. http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2MTg2MDYwMg==&mid=2247502467&idx=1&sn=399c130585690daa00e31db45907b86b&chksm=ce122d16f965a400430bc26f357d38818ee2c48f1baf2968c048a47d50c45623ad65a1087e82#rd.

种类	材料	商家来源	20 ℃时运动黏度/cSt^①	20 ℃时密度/(kg/m³)	导热系数/(W/m·k)	比热容/(J/kg·K)	介电常数
电子氟化液	Novec649^[10]	美国3M	0.40	1600	0.059	1103	1.8
	Novec7000^[11]	美国3M	0.32	1400	0.075	1300	7.4
	Novec7100^[12] 同HFE-7100	美国3M	0.27	1370.2	0.062	1255	7.39
	FC-72^[13]	美国3M	0.38	1680	0.057	1100	1.75
	SF33^[14]	美国chemours	0.30	1383.5	0.077	1200	32
	HFE-6512^[15]	浙江辉凯鼎瑞	1.18	1600	0.23^[8]	1170	5.8
碳氢化合物	矿物油		56^[16]	924.1^[16]	0.13^[16]	1900^[16]	2.1^[17]
	E5 TM 410^[18]	荷兰壳牌	19.4	810	0.14	2100
	AmpCool AC-110^[19]	美国ENGINEERED FLUIDS	8.11 (40 ℃)	820	0.1403 (40 ℃)	2212.1 (40 ℃)	2.08
酯类	MIVOLT-DF7^[20]	英国M&I Materials	16.4	916	0.129	1907
酯类	MIVOLT-DFK^[21]	英国M&I Materials	75	968	0.147	1902
硅油类	硅油^[22]	美国super lube	100	965	0.16	1460	16
	二甲基硅油		1500^[23]	968^[23]	0.16^[23]	1630^[23]	2.18^[24]
	乙基硅油		50^[25]	970^[25]	0.159^[25]	1810^[25]
水基流体	去离子水^[26]		1	998	0.5984	4182	80.2
	水乙二醇溶液50%		4.5^[27]	1082^[27]	0.402^[27]	3260^[27]	64.92^[28]
	氧化铝纳米流体0.4%^[29]		0.93 (30 ℃)	1007 (30 ℃)	0.6349 (30 ℃)	4124 (30 ℃)

种类	材料	凝固点(倾点)/℃	沸点/℃	汽化潜热/(kJ/kg)	闪点/℃	安全性	环保性
电子氟化液	Novec649^[10]	-108	49	88			ODP=0 GWP=1
	Novec7000^[11]	-122	34	142	无	不易燃	ODP=0 GWP=530
	Novec7100^[12] 同HFE-7100	-135	61	111.6	无		ODP=0 GWP=320
	FC-72^[13]	-90	56	88	无		ODP=0 高GWP
	SF33^[14]	-107	33.4	166	无		ODP=0 GWP=2
	HFE-6512^[15]	-120	135		无	不燃	ODP=0 GWP=1
碳氢化合物	矿物油		>218^[30]		>115^[30]	易燃^[30]
	E5 TM 410^[18]				190	易燃
	AmpCool AC-110^[19]	-57			193	易燃	GWP=0
酯类	MIVOLT-DF7^[20]	-75			194		ODP=0 GWP<1
酯类	MIVOLT-DFK^[21]	<-50			>250		ODP=0 GWP<1
硅油类	硅油^[22]	-55			>300
	二甲基硅油	<-50^[24]			>155^[24]
	乙基硅油	<-40^[31]	>205^[31]		80^[31]
水基流体	去离子水^[26]	0	100	2257	无
	水乙二醇溶液50%	-36.8^[32]	107.2^[32]
	氧化铝纳米流体0.4%^[29]

参考	介电流体	电池	关键指标
参考	介电流体	电池	升温范围/℃	升温速率/(℃/min)	模组温差/℃
Wang等^[67]	硅油	12个方形	-28～25	<4.18	<3.18
郎等^[68]	变压器油	16个方形	-30～0	0.85	3
颜等^[69]	变压器油	12个方形	-30～10	1.43	3
朱等^[25]	乙基硅油	5个方形	-10～15	<1.2	0.9
鲁等^[70]	绝缘油	单个圆柱	-20～10	<13	<8
裴等^[71]	导热油	221个圆柱	-20～0	<5	—

参考	介电流体	电池类型	研究方法	热失控触发	实验结果
Li^[36]	HFO-1336、BTP、F7A、C6F-ketone、HFE-7100	圆柱电池	实验	热滥用-加热	五种冷却液浸没的电池最高温度均远低于热失控温度，未出现热失控
Patil^[7]	矿物油	软包模组	仿真	热滥用-内部短路	只有触发电池发生热失控，其他电池无影响
Zhao^[94]	E5 TM 410	方形模组	实验	热滥用-加热	浸没式实验中无明火发生，符合中国法规要求
Wu^[77]	二甲基硅油	圆柱模组	实验	热滥用-加热	浸没式没有发生热失控传播，间接冷却式有发生热失控传播的风险
Zhou^[95]	Novec 649	软包模组	实验	电滥用-过充	相变液体抑制了故障电池的热失控，并阻止了热失控传播
李^[96]	水-乙二醇阻燃液压油、变压器油	圆柱电池	实验	热滥用-加热	大气环境、浸没环境下，不同电极材料锂电池的热失控特性

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锂离子电池浸没式冷却技术研究综述

A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries

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