21700锂离子电池在不同健康状态下的热失控实验研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0695

储能科学与技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (3): 971-980.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0695

21700锂离子电池在不同健康状态下的热失控实验研究

朱亚宁¹(), 张振东¹(), 盛雷¹, 陈龙¹, 朱泽华¹, 付林祥¹, 毕青²

^1.上海理工大学机械工程学院，上海 200093
^2.常州兴炫德智能制造有限公司，江苏常州 213000

收稿日期:2023-10-09 修回日期:2023-11-24 出版日期:2024-03-28 发布日期:2024-03-28
通讯作者: 张振东 E-mail:zyn39886@163.com;usstzzd@usst.edu.cn
作者简介:朱亚宁（1999—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为锂离子电池热失控及其传播特性、电池安全及防护，E-mail：zyn39886@163.com；
基金资助:
国家自然科学青年基金(52206267);博士后面上基金(2021M702191);上海理工大学卓越工程师联合培养实践基地项目

Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions

Yaning ZHU¹(), Zhendong ZHANG¹(), Lei SHENG¹, Long CHEN¹, Zehua ZHU¹, Linxiang FU¹, Qing BI²

^1.School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
^2.Changzhou Xingxuande Intelligent Manufacturing Co, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China

Received:2023-10-09 Revised:2023-11-24 Online:2024-03-28 Published:2024-03-28
Contact: Zhendong ZHANG E-mail:zyn39886@163.com;usstzzd@usst.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

开展锂离子电池热失控研究，可为提升电池热安全、减少新能源汽车热灾害等提供重要帮助。针对高比能21700型NCM811锂离子电池热滥用、老化等因素引起的热失控问题，通过实验研究了电池健康状态（state of health，SOH）对电池充放电特性及自身热失控行为的作用机制，量化分析了电池老化特性与热失控触发时间、表面温度、工作电压、燃爆特性、能量、TNT当量及破坏半径等特征参数。发现能量效率随着老化循环次数的增加而降低，电池热失控的温升幅度随SOH的减小而下降，同时其自产热起始温度、热失控触发温度与安全阀脱落温度均减小，这表明老化电池热失控触发所需的时间更短，60%SOH电池在608 s触发热失控，相比于100% SOH缩短了64.8%。SOH越小，电池热失控剧烈程度越弱，热失控后的质量损失也越小。电池热失控过程的峰值温度、释放的能量、TNT当量与破坏半径随SOH的减小而降低，表明老化电池较新鲜电池热失控破坏性降低。研究结果可为全生命周期21700电池热失控的行为特征分析、预警与火灾防控等提供参考。

关键词: 21700三元锂电池, 健康状态, 热失控, 温度, 能量, 破坏半径

Abstract:

Research on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for enhancing battery thermal safety and reducing thermal incidents in new energy vehicles. This study focuses on thermal abuse and aging-induced thermal runaway issues in high-specific-energy 21700-type NCM811 lithium-ion batteries. Experimental research was conducted to explore the state of health (SOH) impacts on battery charging and discharging characteristics, and the mechanism underlying thermal runaway. The quantitative analysis covered battery aging characteristics and thermal runaway parameters, including triggering time, surface temperature, operating voltage, combustion characteristics, energy, TNT equivalent, and damage radius. The findings reveal that energy efficiency decreases with increasing aging cycles, and temperature rise during thermal runaway decreases with decreasing SOH. Notably, time required for thermal runaway triggering in aged batteries is substantially shorter. For example, a battery with 60% SOH triggered thermal runaway in 608 s, a 64.8% reduction compared to 100% SOH. Moreover, smaller SOH values correspond to weaker thermal runaway intensity and reduced mass loss after thermal runaway. During the thermal runaway process, peak temperature, released energy, TNT equivalent, and damage radius decrease with decreasing SOH. This indicates that thermal runaway damage in aged batteries is lower than in fresh batteries. The study results offer valuable insights for characterizing behavior, early warning systems, fire prevention, and control in the thermal runaway of full-lifecycle 21700 batteries.

Key words: 21700 ternary lithium battery, SOH, thermal runaway, temperature, energy, failure radius

中图分类号:

X 932

朱亚宁, 张振东, 盛雷, 陈龙, 朱泽华, 付林祥, 毕青. 21700锂离子电池在不同健康状态下的热失控实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 971-980.

Yaning ZHU, Zhendong ZHANG, Lei SHENG, Long CHEN, Zehua ZHU, Linxiang FU, Qing BI. Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 971-980.

图/表 15

表1

图1

表2

老化循环电池主要性能参数"

循环次数	充电容量/Ah	放电容量/Ah	充电能量/Wh	放电能量/Wh	SOH	$η Q$ /%	$η E$ /%
0	4.9808	4.9683	23.5793	20.9856	100%	99.74	89.0
50	4.5048	4.5034	21.5058	18.9251	90%	99.96	87.9
104	3.9951	3.9871	19.5909	16.7110	80%	99.79	85.2
216	3.5144	3.5042	17.3725	14.5929	70%	99.71	84.0
398	3.0861	3.0645	15.3333	12.7266	60%	99.30	82.9

表2

表3

图2

表4

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表5

不同SOH电池的能量、TNT当量值与破坏半径"

SOH	T₂/℃	T₃/℃	$Δ H$ /kJ	W_TNT/g	R/m
1	215.2	471.5	16.16	3.59	1.69
0.9	211.5	425.4	13.48	2.99	1.58
0.8	204.9	415.9	13.31	2.95	1.56
0.7	200.3	405.1	12.91	2.86	1.55
0.6	192.5	385.6	12.17	2.71	1.52

表5

图9

图10

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参数	数值
尺寸/mm	21.0×70.0
质量/g	69.0
容量/Ah	5.0
额定电压/V	3.65
充/放电截止电压/V	4.2/2.5

工况	SOH	热失控触发时间/s	是否起火	火焰持续时间/s
a	100%	1730	是	40
b	90%	1450	是	32
c	80%	1173	是	28
d	70%	900	是	22
e	60%	608	是	18

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21700锂离子电池在不同健康状态下的热失控实验研究

Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions

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