高能量密度与高功率密度兼顾型锂离子电池研究现状与展望

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0611

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (1): 54-76.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0611

高能量密度与高功率密度兼顾型锂离子电池研究现状与展望

刘通¹^,³(), 杨瑰婷¹, 毕辉⁴, 梅悦旎¹, 刘硕¹, 宫勇吉³, 罗文雷²()

^1.空间电源全国重点实验室，上海空间电源研究所，上海 200245
^2.军事科学院国防科技创新研究院，北京 100071
^3.北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院，北京 100191
^4.中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所，上海 201899

收稿日期:2024-07-03 修回日期:2024-07-18 出版日期:2025-01-28 发布日期:2025-02-25
通讯作者: 罗文雷 E-mail:liutone@126.com;wenleiluo@163.com
作者简介:刘通（1993—），男，博士研究生，工程师，研究方向为锂离子电池，E-mail：liutone@126.com；

Recent progress in high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries

Tong LIU¹^,³(), Guiting YANG¹, Hui BI⁴, Yueni MEI¹, Shuo LIU¹, Yongji GONG³, Wenlei LUO²()

^1.State Key Laboratory of Space Power Sources, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
^2.National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100071, China
^3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
^4.Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China

Received:2024-07-03 Revised:2024-07-18 Online:2025-01-28 Published:2025-02-25
Contact: Wenlei LUO E-mail:liutone@126.com;wenleiluo@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池已成为当前应用最广泛的储能器件，能量密度、功率密度是评价其性能的两个重要参数。然而，高能量密度与高功率密度存在矛盾，有着“此消彼长”的现象。发展高能量密度和高功率密度兼顾型锂离子电池(简称双高型锂离子电池)对于进一步满足高效能、现代化装备(如特种装备、电动无人机等)具有重要意义。关键新材料是决定双高型锂离子电池性能的基本和核心因素，电池性能的跃升需要从储能机制、新材料制备技术出发。本文首先介绍了双高型锂离子电池的定义及关键性能指标，随后综述了双高型锂离子电池关键正极、负极材料及其改性策略等方面的研究进展，以及不同类型的电解质对锂离子电池性能的影响，并对双高型锂离子电池的设计和研发进行了讨论，总结了研究现状、面临的挑战和未来发展趋势，为下一代双高型锂离子电池的设计开发提供了新思路。

关键词: 双高型锂离子电池, 高能量密度, 高功率密度, 高容量高倍率电极材料, 高电压高导电电解质, 电池设计

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely used energy storage devices, with energy density and power density as critical parameters for assessing their performance. However, high energy density and high-power density represent a contradictory pair, exhibiting a "trade-off" phenomenon. The development of lithium-ion batteries with both high energy density and high-power density (referred to as "dual-high" lithium-ion batteries) is crucial for addressing the demands of high-efficiency modern equipment (such as special equipment, electric drones, etc.). Essential new materials are the primary factors determining the performance of dual-high lithium-ion batteries, and the advancement in battery performance requires a focus on energy storage mechanisms and innovative material preparation technologies. This paper first introduces the definition and key performance indicators of dual-high lithium-ion batteries and subsequently reviews the recent advancements in critical cathode and anode materials for dual-high lithium-ion batteries and their modification strategies. It also evaluates the influence of various electrolytes on the performance of lithium-ion batteries and discusses the design and fabrication of dual-high lithium-ion batteries. A summary of the current research status, challenges, and future development trends is presented, offering innovative concepts for designing and developing the next generation of dual-high lithium-ion batteries.

Key words: dual-high lithium-ion batteries, high energy density, high power density, high-capacity and high-rate electrode materials, high-voltage and high-conductivity electrolytes, battery design

中图分类号:

TM 912

刘通, 杨瑰婷, 毕辉, 梅悦旎, 刘硕, 宫勇吉, 罗文雷. 高能量密度与高功率密度兼顾型锂离子电池研究现状与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(1): 54-76.

Tong LIU, Guiting YANG, Hui BI, Yueni MEI, Shuo LIU, Yongji GONG, Wenlei LUO. Recent progress in high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(1): 54-76.

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晶体结构	正极材料	比容量 /(mAh/g)	电压/V(vs. Li/ Li⁺)	扩散系数 /(cm²/s)	文献
层状	LCO/ HVLCO	140~190	3.7~3.9	约10^-8	[56, 59]
层状	NCA	170~200	3.6	约10^-9	[23, 26-27]
层状	NCM	150~200	3.6~3.9	约10^-12	[29]
橄榄石	LFP	130~150	3.4	约10^-12	[60]
橄榄石	LiCoPO₄	约125	4.2	约10^-14	[18, 61]
尖晶石	LNMO	约130	4.7	10^–11~10^–9	[62]

负极材料	嵌锂电位/V	脱锂电位/V	扩散系数 /(cm²/s)	体积变化	文献
石墨	0.07, 0.10, 0.19	0.1, 0.14, 0.23	10^-11~10^-7	约10%	[113-116]
LTO	1.55	1.58	10^-12~10^-11	约0.2%	[117-119]
Si	0.05, 0.21	0.31, 0.47	10^-13~10^-11	约300%	[92, 98]

组分	能量型^[158]	功率型^[158]	双高型
正负极	高负载量	低负载量	结构/梯度等设计的厚电极
	低涂覆孔隙率	高涂覆孔隙率	适度高的孔隙率
	中大粒径	微小粒径	适度的微纳粒径
	低含量导电剂	高含量导电剂	新型导电剂(如SWNT)构筑的低含量高导电网络
	低含量黏结剂	—	—

集流体	更薄	更厚	满足热设计的薄集流体
集流体	提高附着力的涂覆层	降低内阻的涂覆层	降低内阻的涂覆层

隔膜	薄	薄	薄
电解质	高电导率	高电导率	高电导率
极耳连接件	薄/窄极耳	厚/宽极耳或全极耳	薄/宽极耳或全极耳

需求特性	电动产品	能量密度	功率密度	成本
侧重能量密度，兼顾功率密度	全电飞机	极高	高	不敏感
	电动垂直起降飞行器	极高	高	中
	小型无人机	高	中	敏感
	航空航天电源	高	中	不敏感

同时侧重能量和功率需求	量产型电动汽车	中	中	敏感
同时侧重能量和功率需求	性能汽车	高	高	不敏感

侧重功率密度，兼顾能量密度	轨道交通	中	高	中
	电动船舶	中	高	敏感
	混合动力汽车	中	高	敏感
	电动弹射装置	中	极高	不敏感
	定向能器件	中	极高	不敏感

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[2]	李召阳, 刘定宏, 赵岩岩, 陈满, 雷旗开, 彭鹏, 刘磊. 高比能量锂离子软包电池针刺测试的影响因素研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 57-71.
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[5]	靳文婷, 廖满生, 黄骥, 魏子栋. 车用高能量密度锂离子电池技术发展态势[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 350-358.
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高能量密度与高功率密度兼顾型锂离子电池研究现状与展望

Recent progress in high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries

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