高比容量富锂单晶材料的研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0289

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (8): 3122-3137.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0289

• 储能材料与器件 • 上一篇

高比容量富锂单晶材料的研究进展

李晶晶¹(), 蒋丹枫², 李嘉鑫², 闫婕², 申长洁³

^1.郑州中科新兴产业技术研究院，河南省储能材料与过程重点实验室，河南郑州 450003
^2.中国科学院过程工程研究所，北京 100190
^3.龙子湖新能源实验室，河南郑州 450003

收稿日期:2025-03-27 修回日期:2025-04-18 出版日期:2025-08-28 发布日期:2025-08-18
通讯作者: 李晶晶 E-mail:jjli@ipezz.ac.cn
作者简介:李晶晶（1986—），女，硕士，工程师，研究方向为电池回收和材料制备，E-mail：jjli@ipezz.ac.cn。
基金资助:
河南省重点研发计划(221111240100);河南省科技攻关(242102241044);中科豫能绿色过程联合研发中心(ZKYN2025007)

Research progress on high specific-capacity lithium-rich single crystal materials

Jingjing LI¹(), Danfeng JIANG², Jiaxin LI², Jie YAN², Changjie SHEN³

^1.Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Energy Storage Materials and Processes, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
^2.Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^3.Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China

Received:2025-03-27 Revised:2025-04-18 Online:2025-08-28 Published:2025-08-18
Contact: Jingjing LI E-mail:jjli@ipezz.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

富锂层状氧化物材料因其高比容量和低成本优势，被视为突破锂离子电池能量密度低瓶颈的下一代正极材料。传统多晶团聚体形貌的富锂材料在长循环过程中面临结构重构引发的颗粒粉化、晶格氧不可逆析出等本征缺陷，导致电极/电解质界面持续恶化与容量衰减。单晶化通过消除晶界应力效应，被证实是缓解上述衰退机制的有效途径。本文回顾了高镍单晶材料在结构和电化学性能方面的独特优势，系统对比了富锂单晶与多晶材料在关键性能指标的差异，重点构建了首次库仑效率、结构稳定性、循环后形貌演变及界面副反应诱导的产气行为等多维度评估体系，围绕高温固相法、熔融盐辅助法、水热/溶剂热法等主流合成技术，阐述了其合成工艺中关键参数对晶体形貌的影响。此外，本文进一步总结了富锂单晶材料的改性策略及研究进展，元素掺杂、表面包覆、结构构筑等优化策略均可显著提高富锂单晶材料的结构稳定性和电化学性能。最后，对富锂单晶材料未来的发展方向进行了总结和展望，为高能量密度锂离子电池的开发与应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

关键词: 富锂材料, 单晶, 多晶, 合成方法, 改性

Abstract:

Due to their high specific capacity and low cost, lithium-rich oxide materials have been regarded as next-generation cathodes to overcome the bottleneck of energy density in lithium-ion batteries. However, traditional polycrystalline agglomerated lithium-rich materials suffer from intrinsic defects such as particle pulverization and irreversible lattice oxygen release caused by structural reconstruction during long-term cycling, leading to continuous deterioration of the electrode-electrolyte interface and capacity fading. The single-crystal approach has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to mitigate these degradation mechanisms by eliminating grain boundary stress. This paper reviews the unique advantages of lithium-rich single-crystal materials with high nickel content in terms of structural and electrochemical properties. It systematically compares the differences between lithium-rich single-crystal and polycrystalline materials across key performance metrics, including initial Coulombic efficiency, structural stability, morphological evolution after cycling, and gas generation behavior induced by interfacial side reactions. Furthermore, it elaborates on the influence of critical parameters in mainstream synthesis processes, such as high-temperature solid-state methods, molten salt-assisted approaches, and hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, on crystal morphology. Modification strategies and research advancements in lithium-rich single-crystal materials are comprehensively summarized, demonstrating that optimization approaches, including elemental doping, surface coating, and structural engineering, can significantly enhance both structural stability and electrochemical performance. Finally, future development directions for lithium-rich single-crystal materials are discussed, providing theoretical foundations and technical support for the development and application of high energy density lithium-ion batteries.

Key words: Li-rich materials, single-crystal, polycrystalline crystal, synthesis method, modification

中图分类号:

TM 911

李晶晶, 蒋丹枫, 李嘉鑫, 闫婕, 申长洁. 高比容量富锂单晶材料的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(8): 3122-3137.

Jingjing LI, Danfeng JIANG, Jiaxin LI, Jie YAN, Changjie SHEN. Research progress on high specific-capacity lithium-rich single crystal materials[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 3122-3137.

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材料组成	合成方法	煅烧工艺	形貌	电压范围/V	容量/(mAh/g)	循环保持率/%	文献
Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂	高温固相法	800*12	片状	2.0~4.8	254.5	71.9(1000)	[22]
Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂	高温固相法	4506+90010	不规则	2.0~4.8	291.4	89.8(100)	[26]
Li_1.1Na_0.1Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂	高温固相法	4505+85012	不规则	2.0~4.8	278.5	87(100)	[27]
Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂	高温固相法	5002+80012	不规则	2.0~4.8	270	89(400)	[28]
Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂	高温固相法	4505+90012	不规则	2.0~4.8	290.4	100(100)	[29]
Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂	高温固相法	4505+92514	不规则	2.0~4.8	290.3	81.9(100)	[30]
Li_1.2Mn_0.56Ni_0.12Co_0.12O₂	溶剂热法	4506+90012	片状	2.0~4.8	306.9	—	[31]
0.5Li₂MnO₃·0.5LiMn_0.4Ni_0.3Co_0.3O₂	溶剂热法	4506+90012	片状	2.0~4.8	300.1	93.5(50)	[32]
L_i1.2Mn_0.56Co_0.12Ni_0.12O₂	溶剂热法	900*12	纳米棒	2.0~4.8	264.6	91(100)	[33]
Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂	高温固相法	5505+90010+500*5	不规则	2.0~4.8	286.3	89(100)	[9]
Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂	高温固相法	5005+85015	片状	2.0~4.8	296	83.2(160)	[34]
Li_1.2Mn_0.48Ni_0.16Co_0.16O₂	高温固相法	9402+76010	不规则	2.0~4.8	259	84.9(100)	[24]
Li_1.2Mn_0.533Ni_0.267O₂	熔融盐辅助法	5005+90020	细长状	2.0~4.8	240	84.06(200)	[8]
Li_1.2Mn_0.56Ni_0.16Co_0.08O₂	熔融盐辅助法	900*15	多边形	2.0~4.7	263.1	82.7(200)	[35]
Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂	熔融盐辅助法	900*10	不规则	2.0~4.8	258	97.3(250)	[36]
0.5Li₂MnO₃· 0.5LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂	熔融盐辅助法	900*12	不规则	2.0~4.8	268	82(100)	[37]
Li_1.2Mn_0.533N_i0.267O₂	熔融盐辅助法	5005+90020	不规则	2.0~4.8	210.8	84.06(200)	[8]
Li_1.2Ni_0.13Mn_0.54Co_0.13O₂	熔融盐辅助法	850*8	不规则	2.5~4.6	277	—	[38]
Li[Li_0.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6]O₂	高温固相法	900*12	片状	2.0~4.8	253	85(200)	[7]

合成方法	优点	缺点
高温固相法	工艺简单易操作、成本低、易于商业化	反应温度高、能耗大、材料形貌和粒度分布不易控制、易混入杂质
熔融盐辅助法	合成温度低、材料形貌可控、产物纯度高、易于商业化	熔融盐选择复杂、操作要求较高
水热/溶剂热法	反应活性高、材料形貌可控	设备要求高、操作复杂、成本较高

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高比容量富锂单晶材料的研究进展

Research progress on high specific-capacity lithium-rich single crystal materials

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