锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0777

摘要/Abstract

摘要： <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F501.jpg"/></sec></p> <form name="refForm" action="showCorrelativeArticle.do" method=post target=_blank> <input type="hidden" name="searchSQL" value="" /> <input type=hidden name="keyword" value="" id="keyword"> <input type=hidden name="author" value="" id="author"> <p><strong>关键词: </strong> <a href="#" onClick="searchKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','锂离子电池')">锂离子电池, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','石墨负极')">石墨负极, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','改性策略')">改性策略, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','快充性能')">快充性能, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','功率特性')">功率特性</a> </p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong><p>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently dominate the electric vehicle and energy-storage sectors. However, conventional LIBs using graphite anode materials suffer from slow lithium diffusion dynamics and Li metal plating, particularly under fast-charging conditions. These limitations hinder our ability to meet the growing demand for fast-charging and discharging applications. In this review, we analyze the main challenges associated with fast-charging graphite anode materials, including their intrinsic layered structure and large concentration polarization. Furthermore, we summarize the methods developed to improve the fast-charging performance of graphite anodes through structural design, chemical modification, and surface coating strategies. The mechanisms of high ion electron diffusion and low interface resistance in fast-charging graphite anode materials have been emphasized. Finally, the current issues and possible future research directions in this field are discussed. Based on previous studies, we propose that hard-carbon-coated microcrystalline graphite is a promising anode material for high-power and high-energy-density LIBs.</p></p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong> <a href="#" onClick="searchEnKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','lithium-ion battery')">lithium-ion battery, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchEnKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','graphite anode')">graphite anode, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchEnKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','modification strategies')">modification strategies, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchEnKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','fast-charging')">fast-charging, </a> <a href="#" onClick="searchEnKeyword('https://esst.cip.com.cn','1','power performance')">power performance</a> </p> </form>  <form name="subjectSchemeForm" action="" method=post target=_blank> <input type="hidden" name="searchSQL" /> <input type="hidden" name="language" /> </form>  <p> <strong> 中图分类号: </strong> </p> <ul class="list-unstyled pacs"> <li> <p> <a href="#" onclick="subjectScheme('https://esst.cip.com.cn','TM 912','1');return false;" target="_blank"> TM 912 </a> </p> </li> </ul>  <div class="row hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 col-lg-2 margin-bottom-10 text-center"> <div class="text-primary btn-menu"> <h4>引用本文</h4> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-md-10 col-lg-10 margin-bottom-10"> <div class="primary-border"> <p>廖雅贇, 周峰, 张颖曦, 吕途安, 何阳, 陈晓燕, 霍开富. 锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 130-142. </p> <p>Yayun LIAO, Feng ZHOU, Yingxi ZHANG, Tu'an LV, Yang HE, Xiaoyan CHEN, Kaifu HUO. Research progress on fast-charging graphite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 130-142.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 col-lg-2 margin-bottom-10 text-center"> <div class="btn-menu bs-callout-warning"> <h4>使用本文</h4> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-md-10 col-lg-10 margin-bottom-10"> <div class="primary-border"> <p> <b> <form name=mail action="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/sendMail.jsp" method=post target=_blank> <div class="bshare-custom pull-left"><div class="bsPromo bsPromo2"></div><a title="分享到微信" class="bshare-weixin" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到新浪微博" class="bshare-sinaminiblog" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到QQ空间" class="bshare-qzone"></a><a title="分享到腾讯微博" class="bshare-qqmb"></a><a title="更多平台" class="bshare-more bshare-more-icon more-style-addthis"></a><span class="BSHARE_COUNT bshare-share-count" style="float: none;">0</span></div><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="https://static.bshare.cn/b/buttonLite.js#style=-1&uuid=&pophcol=2&lang=zh"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="https://static.bshare.cn/b/bshareC0.js"></script> / <a href="#" id="collectArticle" class="shouc"></a> <span id="collectCount"></span> / <a onclick="mail.submit()" href="javascript:void(null)" class="tuij">推荐</a> <input type="hidden" value='我在《储能科学与技术》上发现了关于“锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展”的文章，特向您推荐。请打开下面的网址：https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/abstract/abstract2525.shtml' name="neirong"> <input type="hidden" name="thishref" value="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/abstract/abstract2525.shtml"> <input type="hidden" name="jname" value="储能科学与技术"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value='锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展'> <form> </b> </p> <p><b>导出引用管理器</b> <span class="daochu"><a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=2525" id="ris_export">EndNote</a>|<a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=2525">Reference Manager</a>|<a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=ProCite&id=2525">ProCite</a>|<a id="bibtex_export" href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=2525">BibTeX</a>|<a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=RefWorks&id=2525">RefWorks</a></span> </p> <p><strong>链接本文:</strong> <a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0777" class="txt_zhaiyao1">https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0777</a> </p> <p> <strong> </strong> <a href="https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/Y2024/V13/I1/130" class="txt_zhaiyao1"> https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/Y2024/V13/I1/130</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default" > <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="tubiao" onClick="xianshi(this)"> <h4 class="panel-title"> <a id="figure" class="collapsed" href="javascript:;"> 图/表 <span class="badge badge-info">8</span> </a> </h4> </div> <div id="collapseTwo" class="panel-collapse collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="headingTwo" style="display: none;"> <div class="panel-body">  <div class="row figureCon"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class="figureClass" href="#figureClass34201" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="图1 LIBs工作原理及充电过程示意图" data-original-title="图1 LIBs工作原理及充电过程示意图"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/thumbnail/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F001.jpg"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='figureClass34201' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>图1</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">LIBs工作原理及充电过程示意图"</p> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F001.jpg" style="display:block;margin:0 auto;width: 80%;"/> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 图1 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class="figureClass" href="#figureClass34202" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="图2 快充石墨面临的主要挑战：(a) 石墨负极1 C倍率下100%荷电状态的析锂现象[27]；(b) 石墨负极中心加热/未加热扣式电池在2 C倍率下的电压曲线[28]；(c) 中心加热的石墨负极快充后高温区域表面发生析锂[28]；(d) Li+ 在石墨中的各向异性的扩散示意图；(e) 石墨电极浓差极化示意图；(f) 石墨负极锂化过程中Li+ 的浓度分布照片[35]" data-original-title="图2 快充石墨面临的主要挑战：(a) 石墨负极1 C倍率下100%荷电状态的析锂现象[27]；(b) 石墨负极中心加热/未加热扣式电池在2 C倍率下的电压曲线[28]；(c) 中心加热的石墨负极快充后高温区域表面发生析锂[28]；(d) Li+ 在石墨中的各向异性的扩散示意图；(e) 石墨电极浓差极化示意图；(f) 石墨负极锂化过程中Li+ 的浓度分布照片[35]"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/thumbnail/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F002.jpg"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='figureClass34202' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>图2</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">快充石墨面临的主要挑战：(a) 石墨负极1 C倍率下100%荷电状态的析锂现象[27]；(b) 石墨负极中心加热/未加热扣式电池在2 C倍率下的电压曲线[28]；(c) 中心加热的石墨负极快充后高温区域表面发生析锂[28]；(d) Li+ 在石墨中的各向异性的扩散示意图；(e) 石墨电极浓差极化示意图；(f) 石墨负极锂化过程中Li+ 的浓度分布照片[35]"</p> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F002.jpg" style="display:block;margin:0 auto;width: 80%;"/> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 图2 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class="figureClass" href="#figureClass34203" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="图3 快充石墨负极结构设计：(a) 酸处理石墨和KOH蚀刻石墨的制备示意图 (KOH蚀刻石墨层间距增加的同时表面产生孔隙，促进Li+ 的传输，提升其快充性能)[39]；(b) GFms复合电极在不同放电电流密度下的电压曲线 (电流从0.2 C增加到30 C时，容量保持率高达92%)[40]；(c) 施加磁场使石墨颗粒垂直于集流体及Li+ 扩散路径示意图(该结构缩短了Li+ 扩散距离，提高了Li+ 扩散速率)[46]" data-original-title="图3 快充石墨负极结构设计：(a) 酸处理石墨和KOH蚀刻石墨的制备示意图 (KOH蚀刻石墨层间距增加的同时表面产生孔隙，促进Li+ 的传输，提升其快充性能)[39]；(b) GFms复合电极在不同放电电流密度下的电压曲线 (电流从0.2 C增加到30 C时，容量保持率高达92%)[40]；(c) 施加磁场使石墨颗粒垂直于集流体及Li+ 扩散路径示意图(该结构缩短了Li+ 扩散距离，提高了Li+ 扩散速率)[46]"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/thumbnail/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F003.jpg"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='figureClass34203' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>图3</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">快充石墨负极结构设计：(a) 酸处理石墨和KOH蚀刻石墨的制备示意图 (KOH蚀刻石墨层间距增加的同时表面产生孔隙，促进Li+ 的传输，提升其快充性能)[39]；(b) GFms复合电极在不同放电电流密度下的电压曲线 (电流从0.2 C增加到30 C时，容量保持率高达92%)[40]；(c) 施加磁场使石墨颗粒垂直于集流体及Li+ 扩散路径示意图(该结构缩短了Li+ 扩散距离，提高了Li+ 扩散速率)[46]"</p> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F003.jpg" style="display:block;margin:0 auto;width: 80%;"/> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 图3 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class='inline' href="#inline_content34204" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="表1 石墨负极材料的结构设计策略及其电化学性能比较"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/images/table-icon.gif"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='inline_content34204' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>表1</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">石墨负极材料的结构设计策略及其电化学性能比较"</p> <table id="Table1"><thead><tr><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">改性策略</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">具体措施</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">比容量/(mAh/g)</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">容量保持率</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">引用</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="center" rowspan="12" style="border-bottom:solid;">结构设计</td><td align="center">利用过氧化氢获得微膨胀层状球形石墨</td><td align="center">188 (1 C)</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">采用热剥离制备开放式/半开放式孔结构的膨胀石墨</td><td align="center">112 (3 A/g)</td><td align="center">500次循环后93 % (1 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">酸氧化和KOH蚀刻石墨</td><td align="center">240 (0.6 A/g)</td><td align="center">1000次循环后96 % (1 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">利用中间相沥青制备多孔石墨泡沫(GFms)</td><td align="center">345.3 (30 C)</td><td align="center">50次循环后90.12% (1 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">KOH腐蚀获得具有纳米级孔隙结构的石墨</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">100次循环后96.7% (2.5 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">空气氧化制备多通道石墨</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">3000次循环后85% (6 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">带通孔的石墨片和CNTs组成的复合电极</td><td align="center">220 (8 C)</td><td align="center">500次循环后90% (4 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">KOH高温蚀刻制备多通道结构石墨</td><td align="center">125 (1 C)</td><td align="center">100次循环后74% (6 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">具有活化边缘的石墨</td><td align="center">150.3 (10 C)</td><td align="center">700次循环后96.05% (5 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">施加磁场制备垂直排列的石墨负极</td><td align="center">90 (2 C)</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">采用激光测绘制备具有垂直多孔通道的3D石墨负极</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">600次循环后86% (6 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">在石墨表面生长垂直石墨烯薄片</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">105.4 (5 C)</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">—</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">48</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 表1 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class="figureClass" href="#figureClass34205" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="图4 石墨负极化学修饰提升其充放电性能：(a) SEAG的制备过程 (该电极可以实现快速的Li+ 扩散)[56]；(b) 原始石墨和PTFE改性石墨的合成示意图 (F掺杂有利于石墨中Li+ 的快速传输)[52]；(c) LNO和石墨半电池在68～1360 mA/g下的倍率性能 (LNO半电池倍率性能显著提升)[58]" data-original-title="图4 石墨负极化学修饰提升其充放电性能：(a) SEAG的制备过程 (该电极可以实现快速的Li+ 扩散)[56]；(b) 原始石墨和PTFE改性石墨的合成示意图 (F掺杂有利于石墨中Li+ 的快速传输)[52]；(c) LNO和石墨半电池在68～1360 mA/g下的倍率性能 (LNO半电池倍率性能显著提升)[58]"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/thumbnail/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F004.jpg"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='figureClass34205' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>图4</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">石墨负极化学修饰提升其充放电性能：(a) SEAG的制备过程 (该电极可以实现快速的Li+ 扩散)[56]；(b) 原始石墨和PTFE改性石墨的合成示意图 (F掺杂有利于石墨中Li+ 的快速传输)[52]；(c) LNO和石墨半电池在68～1360 mA/g下的倍率性能 (LNO半电池倍率性能显著提升)[58]"</p> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F004.jpg" style="display:block;margin:0 auto;width: 80%;"/> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 图4 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class='inline' href="#inline_content34206" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="表2 石墨负极材料化学修饰策略及其电化学性能比较"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/images/table-icon.gif"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='inline_content34206' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>表2</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">石墨负极材料化学修饰策略及其电化学性能比较"</p> <table id="Table2"><thead><tr><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">改性策略</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">具体措施</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">比容量/(mAh/g)</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">容量保持率</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">引用</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="center" rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:solid;">化学修饰</td><td align="center">Si/边缘活化石墨复合电极</td><td align="center">525 (3 C)</td><td align="center">50次循环后99.3% (3 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">硼酸球磨石墨</td><td align="center">330 (5 C)</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">聚四氟乙烯改性石墨</td><td align="center">318 (0.186 A/g)</td><td align="center">60次循环后98.2% (0.1 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">N掺杂的空心结构石墨</td><td align="center">305 (1 A/g)</td><td align="center">500次循环后98% (1 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">氯化钾与石墨混合制备掺K石墨</td><td align="center">269.7 (1 C)</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">石墨浆料中加入LNO制备掺F石墨</td><td align="center">291.7 (0.68 A/g)</td><td align="center">200次循环后85.7% (0.34 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">利用H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>和H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>制备掺P、掺B石墨</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">—</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">掺P，掺B>95% (5 C/0.2 C)</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">59</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 表2 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class="figureClass" href="#figureClass34207" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="图5 快充石墨负极表面包覆：(a) 硬碳包覆石墨微观形貌示意图[63]；(b) TiO2-x @石墨核壳结构 (TiO2-x 涂层有助于降低电极和电解质之间的界面电阻)[66]；(c) 包覆不同厚度Al2O3 的石墨在不同电流密度下的倍率性能 [1% (质量分数) Al2O3 的石墨负极在100 mA/g电流密度下可逆比容量约为337.1 mAh/g][67]；(d) MoO x -MoP x /石墨负极材料制备过程 (MoO x 和纳米级MoP x 在快充过程中可以有效抑制析锂)[68]" data-original-title="图5 快充石墨负极表面包覆：(a) 硬碳包覆石墨微观形貌示意图[63]；(b) TiO2-x @石墨核壳结构 (TiO2-x 涂层有助于降低电极和电解质之间的界面电阻)[66]；(c) 包覆不同厚度Al2O3 的石墨在不同电流密度下的倍率性能 [1% (质量分数) Al2O3 的石墨负极在100 mA/g电流密度下可逆比容量约为337.1 mAh/g][67]；(d) MoO x -MoP x /石墨负极材料制备过程 (MoO x 和纳米级MoP x 在快充过程中可以有效抑制析锂)[68]"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/thumbnail/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F005.jpg"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='figureClass34207' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>图5</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">快充石墨负极表面包覆：(a) 硬碳包覆石墨微观形貌示意图[63]；(b) TiO2-x @石墨核壳结构 (TiO2-x 涂层有助于降低电极和电解质之间的界面电阻)[66]；(c) 包覆不同厚度Al2O3 的石墨在不同电流密度下的倍率性能 [1% (质量分数) Al2O3 的石墨负极在100 mA/g电流密度下可逆比容量约为337.1 mAh/g][67]；(d) MoO x -MoP x /石墨负极材料制备过程 (MoO x 和纳米级MoP x 在快充过程中可以有效抑制析锂)[68]"</p> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/fileup/2095-4239/FIGURE/2024-13-1/Images/2095-4239-2024-13-1-130/5F951AD1-2A55-4d44-A1EF-DE0BCAD0CFCA-F005.jpg" style="display:block;margin:0 auto;width: 80%;"/> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 图5 </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a class='inline' href="#inline_content34208" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title="表3 石墨负极材料表面包覆策略及其电化学性能比较"> <img src="https://esst.cip.com.cn/images/table-icon.gif"> </a> <div style='display:none'> <div id='inline_content34208' style='padding:10px; background:#fff;'> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>表3</b></p> <p style="text-align: center;">石墨负极材料表面包覆策略及其电化学性能比较"</p> <table id="Table3"><thead><tr><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">改性策略</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">具体措施</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">比容量/(mAh/g)</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">容量保持率</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">引用</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="center" rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:solid;">表面包覆</td><td align="center">纳米级涡轮层状碳包覆石墨</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">300次循环后87% (0.17 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">沥青包覆石墨</td><td align="center">298 (5 C)</td><td align="center">83% (5 C/0.1 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">65</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">TiO<sub>2-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i> @石墨</td><td align="center">345.2 (10 C)</td><td align="center">98.2% (5 C/0.2 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">66</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>包覆石墨</td><td align="center">327.7 (4 A/g)</td><td align="center">100次循环后97.2% (4 A/g)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">MoO <i><sub>x</sub></i> -MoP <i><sub>x</sub></i> /石墨</td><td align="center">143.3 (6 C)</td><td align="center">100次循环后86% (6 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">68</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center">SM包覆石墨</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">100次循环后72% (30 C)</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">PVDF包覆石墨</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">—</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">200次循环后96.3% (0.5 C)</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">70</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="caption text-center hidden-xs hidden-sm"> 表3 </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default" > <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="cankaowenxian" onClick="xianshi(this)"> <a name="reference"></a> <h4 class="panel-title"> <a id="reference" class="collapsed" href="javascript:;"> 参考文献 <span class="badge badge-info">82</span> </a> </h4> </div> <div id="collapseThree" class="panel-collapse collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="headingThree" style="display: none;"> <div class="panel-body">  <table width="98%" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8"> <tr> <td valign='top' align='right' style="padding-right:13px;">1</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 13px;"> <span class='magtech_ref_source'>李泓. 未来的电池将朝着更高的比能量发展[R/OL]. 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锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展

Research progress on fast-charging graphite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

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