基于分布式能源系统的蓄冷蓄热技术应用现状

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0129

储能科学与技术 ›› 2020, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (6): 1847-1857.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0129

基于分布式能源系统的蓄冷蓄热技术应用现状

王俊¹, 曹建军¹, 张利勇¹, 刘亚奇^2,³, 凌浩恕^2,³(), 徐玉杰^2,³, 王亮^2,³, 周学志⁴, 谢宁宁⁴, 陈海生^2,⁴

^1.神华国华（北京）分布式能源科技有限责任公司，北京 100025
^2.中国科学院工程热物理研究所，北京 100190
^3.中科储能（北京）咨询有限公司，北京 100190
^4.国家能源大规模物理储能技术（毕节）研发中心，贵州毕节 551700

收稿日期:2020-04-01 修回日期:2020-06-03 出版日期:2020-11-05 发布日期:2020-10-28
通讯作者: 凌浩恕 E-mail:linghaoshu@iet.cn
作者简介:王俊（1980—），男，博士，高级工程师，从事清洁发电、分布式能源、综合能源服务等技术研究和项目开发；
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903605);中国科学院国际合作局国际伙伴计划项目(182211KYSB20170029);贵州省科技基金计划项目(［2017］1162);国华公司科技创新项目，分布式冷热电联供系统北京重点实验室

Review on application of cold storage and heat storage technology based on distributed energy system

Jun WANG¹, Jianjun CAO¹, Liyong ZHANG¹, Yaqi LIU^2,³, Haoshu LING^2,³(), Yujie XU^2,³, Liang WANG^2,³, Xuezhi ZHOU⁴, Ningning XIE⁴, Haisheng CHEN^2,⁴

^1.Shenhua Guohua (Beijing) Distributed Energy Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100025, China
^2.Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^3.Zhongke Energy Storage (Beijing) Consulting Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100190, China
^4.National Energy Large Scale Physical Energy Storage Technologies Research and Development Center (Bijie), Bijie 551700, Guizhou, China

Received:2020-04-01 Revised:2020-06-03 Online:2020-11-05 Published:2020-10-28
Contact: Haoshu LING E-mail:linghaoshu@iet.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分布式能源系统具有能源利用率高等优点，在国内外得到了快速的发展，但是仍存在设计容量偏大、运行效率降低、耦合可再生能源系统安全性差等问题。为了解决上述问题，蓄冷蓄热技术被应用于分布式能源系统，并得到广泛的应用，但是相关研究工作多为个例，缺少系统性整理和论述。本文从蓄冷蓄热材料发展现状出发，论述不同蓄冷蓄热材料的特点；然后总结分布式能源系统与蓄冷蓄热技术耦合应用现状，分析不同蓄冷蓄热技术的应用效果，确定基于分布式能源系统的蓄冷蓄热技术的发展趋势。结果表明，水、熔盐、耐火砖、冰、石蜡、水合盐是较为适宜的商业应用蓄冷蓄热材料。与分布式能源系统耦合的蓄冷蓄热技术主要为水蓄冷、冰蓄冷、水蓄热、熔盐蓄热、相变蓄热、热化学蓄热技术，其中水蓄冷、冰蓄冷、水蓄热和熔盐蓄热技术耦合应用较为成熟，相变蓄热耦合应用处于示范应用阶段，热化学蓄热耦合应用处于实验室研究阶段。蓄冷蓄热技术与可再生能源分布式系统的耦合应用是未来重要的发展方向。本文可为我国分布式能源系统高效应用提供参考和依据。

关键词: 分布式能源, 蓄冷, 蓄热, 显热, 潜热, 热化学

Abstract:

Distributed energy systems have the advantage of high-energy utilization and have been rapidly developed. However, problems, such as large design capacity, reduced operating efficiency, and poor security of coupled renewable energy systems, are still being encountered. Cold and heat storage technologies are applied to distributed energy systems, which are widely used, to solve the abovementioned problems. However, the related work mostly focuses on a single case, which lacks a systematic arrangement and discussion. Therefore, this study first analyzes the current status of cold and heat storage materials. The characteristics of different cold and heat storage materials are then discussed. The coupled application of distributed energy systems and cold and heat storage technologies is summarized. Moreover, the application effects are analyzed to determine the development trend of cold and heat storage technologies based on distributed energy systems. The results show that water, molten salt, refractory brick, ice, paraffin, and hydrated salt are more suitable for cold and heat storage in commercial applications. The cold storage and heat storage technologies coupled with distributed energy systems are mainly water, ice, molten salt, phase change thermal, and thermochemical thermal storage technologies. Among them, the application of water, ice, and molten salt storage technologies is more mature. The coupled application with the phase change thermal storage technology is in the demonstration application stage, while that with the thermochemical thermal storage technology is in the laboratory research stage. The application of the cold and heat storage technology with renewable energy distributed systems is an important development direction in the future. This study could provide reference and basis for the efficient application of China's distributed energy system.

Key words: distributed energy system, cold storage, heat storage, sensible heat, latent heat, thermochemical heat

中图分类号:

TM 91

王俊, 曹建军, 张利勇, 刘亚奇, 凌浩恕, 徐玉杰, 王亮, 周学志, 谢宁宁, 陈海生. 基于分布式能源系统的蓄冷蓄热技术应用现状[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(6): 1847-1857.

Jun WANG, Jianjun CAO, Liyong ZHANG, Yaqi LIU, Haoshu LING, Yujie XU, Liang WANG, Xuezhi ZHOU, Ningning XIE, Haisheng CHEN. Review on application of cold storage and heat storage technology based on distributed energy system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(6): 1847-1857.

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材料	温度范围/oC	密度 /kg·m^-3	比热容 /kJ·(kg·℃)^-1	蓄能密度 /MJ·m^-3·℃^-1	材料成本 /元·kg^-1	材料能量成本/元·MJ^-1①	成熟度	优点	缺点
水	0～100	1000	4.2	4.2	0.01	0.03	商业应用	经济易得、无毒无害、环境友好、不燃、循环稳定性佳	使用温度低、存在凝固、沸腾等现象
导热油	-30～400	700～900	2.2～3.6	1.54～3.24	2～80	1.6～105.7	商业应用	传热效率高、易于调控温度、基本无腐蚀	价格高、使用温度较低、易燃、蒸汽压大、易分解、寿命短
熔盐	130～850	1850～2100	1.5～1.8	2.00～3.78	3.5～20	4.1～19.3	商业应用	传热性能好、系统压力小、使用温度较高、价格低、安全可靠	容易凝固、冻堵管路、腐蚀性、部分有毒性
岩石	<700	2000～2800	0.92	1.84～2.58	0.05～1.4	0.1～2.7	商业应用	廉价易得、无毒、不燃、热性能稳定、无腐蚀性	热效率较低、需要传热介质、循环稳定性较低
混凝土	<550	1100～1800	0.6～1.1	0.66～1.98	0.3～1	0.8～4.6	示范应用	化学性能稳定、传热性较好、价格便宜	高温开裂、蓄热密度较差、需要传热介质
耐火砖	<1200	1400～3000	1.0～1.2	1.4～3.6	7～12	6.1～12.5	商业应用	化学性能稳定、使用温度范围广、强度高	成本较高、需要传热介质

材料	材料成本 /元·kg^-1	材料能量成本 /元·MJ^-1	成熟度	优点	缺点
共晶盐水溶液	0.5～5	1.9～31.3	商业应用	来源广、相变温度范围广、体积变化率小、价格便宜	过冷度大、腐蚀性强、循环稳定性差、相分离
冰	0.01	0.03	商业应用	无毒无害、环境友好、不燃、价格便宜、无腐蚀性	相变温度单一、体积变化较大
气体水溶液	—	—	实验室研究	蓄冷温度适宜、换热效率高	生长条件苛刻、诱导期长、生长速率慢
水合盐	1～10	1.7～62.5	商业应用	高热导率、相变体积变化小、热应力效应小、低毒性、价格低廉	相分离、过冷度较大、腐蚀性较强、长期运行循环稳定性较差
石蜡	6～15	21.4～83.3	商业应用	化学惰性和稳定性佳、体积变化和蒸气压较小、无腐蚀性、无相分离、无过冷	热导率低、和塑料材料不兼容、适度可燃性
脂肪酸	8～25	37.7～167.8	示范应用	价格较低、过冷度小、化学性质稳定、不发生相分离	热导率较低、循环稳定性差
糖醇	10～70	23.8～443	实验室研究	安全可靠、循环稳定性强、无腐蚀	价格较高、结晶特性差、较高过冷度
无机盐	2～15	1.7～75	实验室研究	成本低廉、导热性好、循环稳定性好	相变体积变化较大、部分强腐蚀性和毒性

材料	作用机理	工作温度/℃	蓄热密度 /MJ·m^-3	技术成熟度	优点	缺点
LiBr+H₂O	吸收	—	263	商业应用	热力学性能佳、环境友好	结晶、腐蚀和循环性能低
MgSO₄+H₂O	吸附	—	2808	实验室研究	无毒、无腐蚀性	不充分放热、化学反应动力学性能不佳
NH₃/N₂+H₂	化学反应	100～700	2682	实验室研究	产物分离容易、无副反应发生	H₂和N₂的长期安全储存问题、需使用催化剂、操作压力过高、反应不完全转化
Ca(OH)₂/CaO+H₂O	化学反应	350～900	1573	实验室研究	无催化剂、储能密度高、可逆性好、常压操作、无副反应、产物分离容易、无毒	反应物易集聚和烧结、体积变化大、传热性能差
CH₄/CO+H₂	化学反应	700～860	28	实验室研究	高吸热特性、热效率高、吸收温室气体	有副反应、需要催化剂
CaCO₃/CaO+CO₂	化学反应	700～1000	2491	实验室研究	无催化剂、储能密度高、无副反应、产物分离容易、无毒	反应物易集聚和烧结、体积变化大、CO₂储存问题、反应活性差、需要掺杂钛
MgH₂/Mg+H₂	化学反应	250～500	2088	实验室研究	良好可逆性、无副产物、反应体系易分离	H₂的储存问题、反应需要掺杂镍或铁催化剂、操作压力高、反应物易烧结
BaO₂/BaO+O₂	化学反应	690～780	1180	实验室研究	无催化剂、可获得高温热量、无副反应、产物分离容易、空气作为反应物	正逆反应转化不完全、试验反馈少

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基于分布式能源系统的蓄冷蓄热技术应用现状

Review on application of cold storage and heat storage technology based on distributed energy system

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