基于正交试验的锂离子电池热失控仿真

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0701

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池热失控是由多种因素耦合而导致的结果，得到影响锂离子电池热失控影响因素的重要性程度对于提高电池安全性具有极大意义。对此，针对针刺导致的锂离子电池热失控，利用COMSOL软件仿真分析了不同针刺位置、速度、直径、SOC(state of charge)对锂离子电池单体针刺热失控影响，得到对单体电池热失控影响的重要因素。基于单体针刺热失控仿真结果，以4个锂离子电池单体组成的模组为研究对象，利用单因素仿真试验分析不同钢针直径R、电池SOC以及针刺电池个数N对电池模组热扩散影响；基于此，本文分析了针刺电池个数N、钢针直径R及电池SOC耦合作用热失控的正交试验。结果表明：相对于针刺位置、针刺速度对电池单体热失控影响，电池SOC和针刺直径R对电池单体热失控影响较为显著，且针刺直径R越小，单体电池热失控越剧烈；电池SOC越大，热失控时电池温度分布越不均匀；针刺直径R越大，模组热扩散需要时间越长；当SOC在100%～85%范围内时，模组内各电池单体的热失控最高温度变化较为明显；针刺电池个数N越大，模组热失控越剧烈，但位于模组中间位置的电池热失控最高温度有所降低。针刺电池个数N、SOC、针刺直径R对电池模组热失控温度和扩散时间的影响程度主次顺序为：N>R>SOC*R>SOC*N>N*R>SOC，其中，针刺电池个数N对电池模组热扩散影响最显著，且不同因素间的交互作用不容忽视。本工作为提高电池的安全性及电池设计提供了参考依据。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 正交试验

Abstract:

Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion battery (LIB) is caused due to various factors. Therefore, it is of great significance to obtain the degree of importance of the factors affecting the TR of LIB to improve battery safety. Thus, this paper used COMSOL to analyze the influence of the penetrated position, speed of penetration, nail diameter, and state of charge (SOC) on the TR of LIB. Based on the results of penetration test of a single LIB, the influence of different penetrated diameters (R), SOC of the battery, and the number of penetrated cells (N) on the thermal diffusion of the battery module were analyzed. Subsequently, an orthogonal test was designed to analyze the penetrated conditions of battery modules, and it considers the N, R, SOC, and the interaction among these three factors. The results show that the battery SOC and penetrated diameter R significantly influence the TR of the battery, compared with the penetrated position and speed. Based on our findings, the smaller the R is, the more severe is the TR, and the larger the SOC is, the more uneven is the temperature distribution of the TR. In addition, the larger the R is, the longer is the thermal diffusion time for the battery module. The maximum TR temperature of each battery in the module changes when SOC varies within 100%～85%. The larger the N is, the more severe is the TR of the module. However, the maximum temperature of the battery located in the middle of the module decreased. For the battery module, the significance of the factors on the TR temperature and diffusion time is N>R>SOC*R>SOC* N>N*R>SOC. The number of penetrated cells significantly affected the thermal diffusion of the battery module, and the interaction between the factors cannot be ignored. This research paves a way to improve battery safety and design.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, orthogonal test

中图分类号:

TM 911

胡力月, 姚行艳. 基于正交试验的锂离子电池热失控仿真[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1268-1277.

Liyue HU, Xingyan YAO. Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries based on orthogonal test[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1268-1277.

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电池参数	数值
额定容量	20 Ah
额定电压	3.8 V
充/放电截止电压	4.2 V/2.8 V
电池尺寸	100 mm×80 mm×15 mm

组件	密度/(kg/m³)	比热容/[J/(g·K)]	热导率/[W/(m·K)]
电芯	1367	2867	k_x=k_y =13.8，k_z =1.18
正极极耳	2700	900	160
负极极耳	8960	385	146
钢针	7850	475	44.5

电池编号	N=1		N=2
电池编号	T_max/℃	t_max/s	T_max/℃	t_max/s
1	942	2.5	969	2.31
2	794	17	943	12
3	821	26	788	16
4	846	35	841	20

水平	因素
水平	SOC(100%)	R/mm	N/个
1	100	2	1
2	75	4	2
3	85	6	—

试验号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	Tem	Time
试验号	A	B	A*B	A*B	C	A*C	A*C	B*C	空列	空列	B*C	空列	空列	Tem	Time
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	841	42
2	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	882	30
3	1	1	1	1	1	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	841	42
4	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	2	2	2	3	3	3	830	44
5	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	852.3	30
6	1	2	2	2	2	3	3	1	1	1	2	2	2	852.3	30
7	1	3	3	3	1	1	1	3	3	3	2	2	2	839.8	46
8	1	3	3	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	3	3	3	845.8	32
9	1	3	3	3	1	3	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	821.8	49
10	2	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	838.5	45
11	2	1	2	3	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	881.3	31
12	2	1	2	3	2	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	881.3	31
13	2	2	3	1	1	2	3	2	3	1	3	1	2	828	47
14	2	2	3	1	2	3	1	3	1	2	1	2	3	856.8	32
15	2	2	3	1	1	1	2	1	2	3	2	3	1	828	47
16	2	3	1	2	1	2	3	3	1	2	2	3	1	803.8	54
17	2	3	1	2	2	3	1	1	2	3	3	1	2	840.5	34
18	2	3	1	2	2	1	2	2	3	1	1	2	3	844.8	33
19	3	1	3	2	1	3	2	1	3	2	1	3	2	842.5	39
20	3	1	3	2	2	1	3	2	1	3	2	1	3	879.5	30
21	3	1	3	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	3	2	1	842.5	39
22	3	2	1	3	1	3	2	2	1	3	3	2	1	831	46
23	3	2	1	3	2	1	3	3	2	1	1	3	2	851.5	31
24	3	2	1	3	2	2	1	1	3	2	2	1	3	851.5	31
25	3	3	2	1	1	3	2	3	2	1	2	1	3	818.3	52
26	3	3	2	1	2	1	3	1	3	2	3	2	1	844.3	32
27	3	3	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	1	3	2	818.3	52
k_Tem1	845.08	858.83	843.00	839.72	830.30	848.89	844.61	842.69	—	—	840.81	—	—	—	—
k_Tem2	844.75	842.36	846.25	843.11	858.73	840.28	847.31	846.28	—	—	848.47	—	—	—	—
k_Tem3	842.14	830.78	842.72	849.14	—	842.81	840.06	843.00	—	—	842.69	—	—	—	—
R_Tem	2.94	28.06	3.53	9.42	28.43	8.61	7.25	3.58	—	—	7.67	—	—	—	—
k_Time1	38.33	36.56	38.11	41.78	46.00	37.33	39.00	36.89	—	—	39.22	—	—	—	—
k_Time2	39.33	37.56	38.56	37.00	31.31	40.00	37.78	40.22	—	—	39.00	—	—	—	—
k_Time3	39.11	42.67	40.11	38.00	—	39.44	40.00	39.67	—	—	38.56	—	—	—	—
R_Time	1.00	6.11	2.00	4.78	14.69	2.67	2.22	3.33	—	—	0.67	—	—	—	—