Status and prospect of thermal energy storage technology for clean heating

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0246

Abstract

Abstract:

Promotion of clean heating can improve the livelihoods and contentedness of people in the northern China. Various clean heating technologies are available, each with different characteristics. Among these technologies, thermal energy-storage technology has received much attention. This paper summarizes the technologies of clean heating and thermal energy storage and reviews the development status and trend of thermal energy-storage technologies in clean heating applications. Finally, combining the characteristics of clean heating technology and thermal energy-storage technology, typical thermal energy-storage technologies for clean heating were analyzed. Among the clean heating technologies, we identified clean coal-fired central heating, natural gas heating, electric heating, renewable energy, and other clean heating technologies. Electric heating technologies based on thermal energy storage are widely disseminated as they cooperate with the peak load regulations of power grids and avoid the volatility of renewable energy sources. Thermal energy-storage technologies are divisible into sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical heat storage technologies. As the earliest, most widely used, and most mature technology, sensible heat-storage technology has advantages of scalability, long life, low cost, and high technological maturity. Latent heat-storage technology achieves a high heat-storage density, and its temperature remains nearly constant during exothermic processes. This technology has become a research and application hotspot. Thermochemical heat-storage technology achieves the highest energy-storage density over a long storage period, but it is currently in the laboratory verification stage. Thermal energy-storage technologies for clean heating have gradually focused on water-heat storage, high-temperature solid-heat storage, and phase-change heat storage. This study provides a reference and basis for the design and application of clean heating technologies in northern China.

Key words: clean heating, thermal energy storage technology, sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, thermochemical heat storage

CLC Number:

TU 833

LING Haoshu, HE Jingdong, XU Yujie, WANG Liang, CHEN Haisheng. Status and prospect of thermal energy storage technology for clean heating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 861-868.

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项目	水	熔盐	导热油	液态金属	岩石	混凝土
适用温度范围/℃	0～100	250～600	20～400	100～1550	20～700	20～550
比热/kJ·(kg·K)^-1	4.2	1.2～1.6	2.0～2.6	0.14～1.3	1.2～1.8	0.91
密度/kg·m^-3	992	1800～2100	700～900	780～10300	2000～3900	2400
材料成本/千元.吨^-1	0.005	4～91	25～45	13～85	0.4～1	0.2
主要问题	适用温度范围小，低温易凝固膨胀，高温易汽化	价格较高，腐蚀性强，部分由毒性，需要辅热防止凝固	价格较高，易燃，蒸汽压大，高温运行中易氧化、易结焦劣化	价格较高，腐蚀性强，有毒性及氧化性	稳定性不佳，强度随时间会降低	导热系数不高，需增强传热性能，容易开裂
技术成熟度	高	高	高	低	高	中

指标	石蜡	糖醇、脂肪酸	无机水合盐	无机盐	金属
熔点范围/℃	6～135	10～200	5～130	250～1680	90～1500
相变焓/kJ·kg^-1	150～280	140～350	140～300	68～1041	100～1000
密度/kg·m^-3	760～940	980～1520	1500～2070	1460～3180	1740～8960
导热系数	低	低	中低	中低	高
腐蚀性	弱	弱	强	强	强
过冷度	低	高	高	中	高
相分离	—	—	高	—	—
价格/千元.吨^-1	5～20	10～28	1～10	2～15	15～150
成熟度	中高	中低	中	中低	低

储能技术	储能规模/MW	储能周期	储能密度/GJ·m^-3	效率/%	寿命	成本/元·(kW·h)^-1
显热技术	0.001～10	数小时～数天	<0.2	75～97	长	10～150
潜热技术	0.001～1	数小时～数周	0.3～0.5	65～85	中	200～500
热化学技术	0.001～1	数天～数月	0.5～3.0	45～75	中短	500～1000

成熟度定义	基本原理	概念研究	实验研究	原理样机	完整测试	模拟环境	真实环境	定型实验	商业应用
显热技术	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
潜热技术	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
热化学技术	√	√	√	√

指标	燃气锅炉供暖	地源热泵供暖	市政供暖	水蓄热供暖
初投资/万元	54	280	无	56
年运行费用/万元	29	12	28	18
15年后总费用/万元	489	460	420	326
环境污染	有	无	无	无