Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0041

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, the lithium iron phosphate battery (LIB) has been widely used in energy storage and power transformation systems because of its advantages of good stability and high reliability. With the purpose of investigating the fire risk of LIB with large capacity, the thermal abuse test of the 228 A·h LIB is conducted through the fire test platform. The combustion process and heat generation law of the LIB were systematically studied, as well the fire characteristics of the battery with different state of charge (SOCs) were compared and analyzed. The result indicates that the combustion behavior of the battery can be roughly divided into several stages: the first jet flame, stable combustion, multiple jet lame and extinguishing stages. Further, the combustion behavior will further accelerate the temperature rise, and the internal short circuit for the battery with higher SOC will cause the rapid temperature rise. The battery with high SOC shows intense combustion behavior while the corresponding burning time will be shorter, which is specifically reflected in the higher temperature, heat release rate (HRR) and heat of combustion. In addition, the venting time is earlier than the voltage drops although the high temperature will result in the slight attenuation of the battery. The results in this work can provide theoretical and technical support for the safety design and fire prevention and control technology of lithium-ion battery systems in the fields of energy storage and transformer substation system.

Key words: lithium-ion battery safety, thermal runaway, fire risk, heat release rate, state of charge

CLC Number:

TM 912

Ke LI, Juyi MU, Yi JIN, Jiajia XU, Pengjie LIU, Qingsong WANG, Huang LI. Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1177-1186.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

Fig. 5

Table 4

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Table 5

References 17

1	董海斌, 张少禹, 李毅, 等. NCM811高比能锂离子电池热失控火灾特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(S1): 65-70.
	DONG H B, ZHANG S Y, LI Y, et al. Thermal runaway fire characteristics of lithium ion batteries with high specific energy NCM811[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(S1): 65-70.
2	FORGEZ C, VINH D D, FRIEDRICH G, et al. Thermal modeling of a cylindrical LiFePO₄/graphite lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(9): 2961-2968.
3	HUANG P F, PING P, LI K, et al. Experimental and modeling analysis of thermal runaway propagation over the large format energy storage battery module with Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 183: 659-673.
4	LARSSON F, MELLANDER B E. Abuse by external heating, overcharge and short circuiting of commercial lithium-ion battery cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014, 161(10): A1611-A1617.
5	LI D J, DANILOV D L, GAO L, et al. Degradation mechanisms of C₆/LiFePO₄ batteries: Experimental analyses of cycling-induced aging[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 210: 445-455.
6	FENG X N, SUN J, OUYANG M G, et al. Characterization of penetration induced thermal runaway propagation process within a large format lithium ion battery module[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 275: 261-273.
7	LAMB J, ORENDORFF C J, STEELE L A M, et al. Failure propagation in multi-cell lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 283: 517-523.
8	LOPEZ C F, JEEVARAJAN J A, MUKHERJEE P P. Experimental analysis of thermal runaway and propagation in lithium-ion battery modules[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(9): A1905-A1915.
9	LI H, DUAN Q L, ZHAO C P, et al. Experimental investigation on the thermal runaway and its propagation in the large format battery module with Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ as cathode[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 375: 241-254.
10	刘昱君, 段强领, 黎可, 等. 多种灭火剂扑救大容量锂离子电池火灾的实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(6): 1105-1112.LIU Y J, DUAN Q L, LI K, et al. Experimental study on fire extinguishing of large-capacity lithium-ion batteries by various fire extinguishing agents[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2018, 7(6): 1105-1112.
11	BABRAUSKAS V. Pillow burning rates[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1985, 8(3): 199-200.
12	RIBIÈRE P, GRUGEON S, MORCRETTE M, et al. Investigation on the fire-induced hazards of Li-ion battery cells by fire calorimetry[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5(1): 5271-5280.
13	PING P, WANG Q S, HUANG P F, et al. Study of the fire behavior of high-energy lithium-ion batteries with full-scale burning test[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 285: 80-89.
14	PING P, KONG D P, ZHANG J Q, et al. Characterization of behaviour and hazards of fire and deflagration for high-energy Li-ion cells by over-heating[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 398: 55-66.
15	LI H, CHEN H D, ZHONG G B, et al. Experimental study on thermal runaway risk of 18650 lithium ion battery under side-heating condition[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2019, 61: 122-129.
16	FENG X N, SUN J, OUYANG M G, et al. Characterization of large format lithium ion battery exposed to extremely high temperature[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 272: 457-467.
17	LARSSON F, BERTILSSON S, FURLANI M, et al. Gas explosions and thermal runaways during external heating abuse of commercial lithium-ion graphite-LiCoO₂ cells at different levels of ageing[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 373: 220-231.

序号	加热功率/W	荷电状态(SOC)	引燃时间/s
1	500	100%	2099
2	500	50%	1974
3	500	0%	1999

温度	测量点
T₀	与加热板接触壁面中心
T₁	远离加热板的壁面斜对角线上方
T₂	远离加热板的壁面中心
T₃	远离加热板的壁面斜对角线下方
T₄	电池侧壁面
T₅	电池正极极耳处
T₆	电池安全阀处

SOC	安全泄压时间/s	电压掉落时间/s	安全泄压温度, T_V/°C	热失控温度, T_tr/°C	峰值温度, T_tr/°C	燃烧持续时间/s
0%	1886	3252	164	224	262	1988
50%	1960	2636	168	226	432	1758
100%	2074	2243	165	167	573	385

阶段	不同SOC质量损失比
阶段	0%	50%	100%
I	—	—	—
II	89.6%	57.6%	38.6%
III	10.4%	42.4%	57.7%
IV	0	0	3.7%

SOC	0%	50%	100%
点燃时间/s	1999	1974	2099
燃烧行为持续时间/s	1988	1758	385
质量损失/g	727.0	856.3	921.7
峰值温度/℃	262	432	573
热释放速率峰数量	1	3	3
热释放速率峰值/kW	41.74	52.82	20.41
		15.87	74.83
		17.82	98.99
总产热量/MJ	7.68	10.33	13.94