Combustion and explosion characteristics of lithium-ion battery pack under overcharge

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0276

Abstract

Abstract:

The research object was a square aluminum shell lithium manganate cell and a lithium manganate battery pack to study the combustion and explosion characteristics of a lithium-ion battery pack. 2 C current constant flow charging and setting a high cut-off voltage was used to analyze its combustion and explosion characteristics. The experimental results revealed that the safety valve rupture, jet fire, and an explosion occurred instantly after the lithium-ion battery was overcharged for 774 s, with the maximum explosion pressure reaching 556 kPa at 45 cm from the explosion center. In the event of overcharging without a BMS, the battery pack, which was composed of 13 cells in series, experienced safety valve rupture, discharged fire, and local explosion. During the experiment, multiple pressure peaks are formed, and the maximum explosion pressure at 45 cm from the explosion center was 915 kPa. When lithium-ion battery packs were placed at a distance of 6.5 cm apart, overcharging one of the battery packs without a BMS can cause combustion of the other battery packs, resulting in a fire spread.

Key words: Li-ion battery, overcharge, thermal runaway, combustion, explosion

CLC Number:

TM 912

ping ZHUO, Yanli ZHU, Chuang QI, Congjie WANG, Fei GAO. Combustion and explosion characteristics of lithium-ion battery pack under overcharge[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2471-2479.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

References 18

1	张添奥, 刘昊, 陈永翀, 等. 大容量电池储能的本质安全探索[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(6): 2293-2302.
	ZHANG T A, LIU H, CHEN Y C, et al. Intrinsic safety of energy storage in a high-capacity battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2293-2302.
2	黎可, 穆居易, 金翼, 等. 磷酸铁锂电池火灾危险性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1177-1186.
	LI K, MU J Y, JIN Y, et al. Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1177-1186.
3	陆梦羽, 杨宝珠, 李争, 等. 锂离子电池储能系统火灾防控技术[J]. 电力安全技术, 2022, 24(2): 15-18.
	LU M Y, YANG B Z, LI Z, et al. Fire prevention and control technology for a lithium ion battery energy storage system[J]. Electric Safety Technology, 2022, 24(2): 15-18.
4	阚强, 陈满, 任常兴. 锂离子电池热失控气体燃爆特征实验研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2021, 40(7): 959-962.
	KAN Q, CHEN M, REN C X. Study on the characteristics of gas deflagration caused by the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2021, 40(7): 959-962.
5	FENG X N, LU L G, OUYANG M G, et al. A 3 D thermal runaway propagation model for a large format lithium ion battery module[J]. Energy, 2016, 115: 194-208.
6	REN D S, FENG X N, LU L G, et al. An electrochemical-thermal coupled overcharge-to-thermal-runaway model for lithium ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 364: 328-340.
7	卓萍, 高飞, 路世昌, 等. 梯次利用磷酸铁锂方形电池过充火灾危险性研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2021, 40(6): 783-786.
	ZHUO P, GAO F, LU S C, et al. Preliminary study on fire risk of echelon use lithium iron phosphate square cell under overcharge[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2021, 40(6): 783-786.
8	王庭华, 翟宏举, 秦鹏, 等. 模组箱体空间内磷酸铁锂电池热失控及其传播行为研究[J]. 火灾科学, 2022, 31(1): 25-34.
	WANG T H, ZHAI H J, QIN P, et al. Study on the thermal runaway and its propagation behaviors of lithium iron phosphate battery in module box space[J]. Fire Safety Science, 2022, 31(1): 25-34.
9	LIU Y J, DUAN Q L, XU J J, et al. Experimental study on a novel safety strategy of lithium-ion battery integrating fire suppression and rapid cooling[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 28: 101185.
10	蔡晶菁. 锂离子电池储能电站火灾防控技术研究综述[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2022, 41(4): 472-477.
	CAI J J. Review on the fire prevention and control technology for lithium-ion battery energy storage power station[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2022, 41(4): 472-477.
11	牛志远, 金阳, 孙磊, 等. 预制舱式磷酸铁锂电池储能电站燃爆事故模拟及安全防护仿真研究[J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(5): 1924-1933.
	NIU Z Y, JIN Y, SUN L, et al. Safety protection simulation research and fire explosion accident simulation of prefabricated compartment lithium iron phosphate energy storage power station[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(5): 1924-1933.
12	卓萍, 郭鹏宇, 路世昌, 等. 预制舱式磷酸铁锂电池储能电站防火设计[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2021, 40(3): 426-428.
	ZHUO P, GUO P Y, LU S C, et al. Fire design of prefabricated cabin type lithium iron phosphate battery power station[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2021, 40(3): 426-428.
13	ZHANG J Y, YANG X Q, ZHANG G Q, et al. Investigation on the root cause of the decreased performances in the overcharged lithium iron phosphate battery[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2018, 42(7): 2448-2455.
14	CHEN S C, WANG Z R, WANG J H, et al. Lower explosion limit of the vented gases from Li-ion batteries thermal runaway in high temperature condition[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2020, 63: doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2019.103992.
15	FERNANDES Y, BRY A, DE PERSIS S. Identification and quantification of gases emitted during abuse tests by overcharge of a commercial Li-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 389: 106-119.
	GONG Y Z, XIE S,LI G S. Infulence of overcharge cut-off voltage on thermal safety of NCM523 battery[J/OL]. Battery Bimonthly. [2022-04-28].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/43.1129.TM.20220409.2009.002.html.
16	巩译泽,谢松,黎桂树.过充截止电压对NCM523电池热安全的影响[J/OL].电池.[2022-04-28].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/43.1129.TM.20220409.2009.002.html.
	GONG Y Z, XIE S,LI G S. Infulence of overcharge cut-off voltage on thermal safety of NCM523 battery[J/OL]. Battery Bimonthly. [2022-04-28].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/43.1129.TM.20220409.2009.002.html.
17	MEI W X, ZHANG L, SUN J H, et al. Experimental and numerical methods to investigate the overcharge caused lithium plating for lithium ion battery[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 32: 91-104.
18	单明新, 王松岑, 朱艳丽, 等. 锂离子电池过充爆炸强度试验研究[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2015, 15(5): 116-118.
	SHAN M X, WANG S C, ZHU Y L, et al. Study on the burst intensity of lithium-ion batteries due to overcharge[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2015, 15(5): 116-118.

[1]	Tao YIN, Longzhou JIA, Xiuliang CHANG, Zuoqiang DAI, Lili ZHENG. Research on thermal safety of soft-pack LiFePO₄ battery after high-voltage float charge [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2546-2555.
[2]	Kangyong YIN, Fengbo TAO, Wei LIANG, Zhiyuan NIU. Simulation of thermal runaway gas explosion in double-layer prefabricated cabin lithium iron phosphate energy storage power station [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2488-2496.
[3]	Yang WANG, Xu LU, Yuxin ZHANG, Long LIU. Thermal runaway exhaust strategy of power battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2480-2487.
[4]	Qingsong ZHANG, Yang ZHAO, Tiantian LIU. Effects of state of charge and battery layout on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2519-2525.
[5]	Hang YU, Ying ZHANG, Chaohang XU, Sihan YU. Research progress of thermal runaway prevention and control technology for lithium battery energy storage systems [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2653-2663.
[6]	Lei XU, Xiaopeng LIU, Yongyu WANG. Early warning analysis of the thermal runaway process of full-size prefabricated cabin storage tank [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2463-2470.
[7]	Shuang SHI, Nawei LYU, Jingxuan MA, Kangyong YIN, Lei SUN, Ning ZHANG, Yang JIN. Comparative study on the effectiveness of different types of gas detection on the overcharge safety early warning of a lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage compartment [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2452-2462.
[8]	Jianxin LU, Ying ZHANG, Chuyuan MA, Kang DENG, Chunying LEI. Study on fire-extinguishing performance of hydrogel on lithium-iron-phosphate batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2637-2644.
[9]	Yue ZHANG, Depeng KONG, Ping PING. Performance and design optimization of a cold plate for inhibiting thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery packs [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2432-2441.
[10]	Chengshan XU, Borui LU, Mengqi ZHANG, Huaibin WANG, Changyong JIN, Minggao OUYANG, Xuning FENG. Study on thermal runaway gas evolution in the lithium-ion battery energy storage cabin [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2418-2431.
[11]	Laifeng SONG, Wenxin MEI, Zhuangzhuang JIA, Qingsong WANG. Analysis of thermal runaway characteristics of 280 Ah large LiFePO₄ battery under adiabatic conditions [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2411-2417.
[12]	Long CHEN, Quan XIA, Yi REN, Gaoping CAO, Jingyi QIU, Hao ZHANG. Research prospect on reliability of Li-ion battery packs under coupling of multiple physical fields [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2316-2323.
[13]	DING Yi, YANG Yan, CHEN Kai, ZENG Tao, HUANG Yunhui. Intelligent fire protection of lithium-ion battery and its research method [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1822-1833.
[14]	OU Yu, HOU Wenhui, LIU Kai. Research progress of smart safety electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1772-1787.
[15]	Fang WANG, Zheng WANG, Chunjing LIN, Guozhen ZHANG, Guiping ZHANG, Tianyi MA, Lei LIU, Shiqiang LIU. Analysis on potential causes of safety failure of new energy vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1411-1418.